How does George Eliot portray the changes of the character Silas Marner Essays

How does George Eliot portray the changes of the character Silas Marner Essays How does George Eliot portray the changes of the character Silas Marner Paper How does George Eliot portray the changes of the character Silas Marner Paper Essay Topic: Literature George Eliot describes Raveloe at the start of the nineteenth century through a changing world. At this time the changes in the industrial revolution were making many poor, working people leave the countryside to work in factories and live in crowded, squalid towns where small religious groups were beginning to form such as the one in Lantern Yard. There were many inequalities of society such as the high living standards of the landowners compared to the poor people in Raveloe. The first change of character is when Marner is made to move from Lantern Yard to Raveloe after being wrongly accused of stealing money from the Deacon. In Lantern yard he was highly though of and was believed to be a young man of exemplary life and ardent faith. When Marners friend, William Dane, betrays him and frames him for stealing money he is called to the church where he believes God would clear him. However he is found guilty and he was said to have despair in his soul that shaken trust in God and man, so now he begins to lose faith and trust in everyone. He is further burdened when his fianci calls the wedding off and is soon married to Marners friend William Dane. At this he moves to Raveloe. George Eliot shows the effect of this event by creating a whole new view of Marner. He looses Religion and trust, which makes him very isolated. She makes him seem like a very dark strange character by using phrases such as The little light that he possessed spread its beams so narrowly, that frustrated belief was a curtain broad enough to create for him the blackness of night. In other words its made out that Marner has nothing to look forward to because of his loss of faith. His loneliness in emphasised when he seems to find company in his money. George Eliot describes them as his seeds of desire, this makes you think that money is the most important thing in Marners life. Also he is made isolated because nothing in Raveloe is the same as Lantern Yard which also creates pity. The reader first regards Marner as being a level headed and much respected character. However when he is betrayed he shows he is very innocent and unsuspecting which shows he is too trustful, and relies too much on the teachings of God. When he moves to Raveloe the reader feels great pity for Marner. George Eliot creates this by making out that Marner has lost everything and by making him so isolated from the rest of the village, he invited no comer to step across his door-sill, and he never strolled into the village. Also the writer makes us commiserate with Marner because he loses all his respect. She creates this by making all the characters in Raveloe think that Marner is strange and also by using a group of lads that pester and torment him to show that this view runs through all the generations of Raveloe. The readers view of Marner again changes when the writer describes his money as they were like the satisfaction of a thirst to him and that his life had reduced itself to the mere functions of weaving and hoarding. It makes him seem as if he is a robot with a program. It makes him seem even stranger but again creates great empathy because he really has no life and its hard to believe that a once well regarded man had become this machine. The second incident is the arrival of Eppie. Eppie a little toddler had been walking with her mother who had passed out from being so cold and taking morphine. She was drawn to the light of Marners fire and she entered the house as Marner stood by the open door having a fit. George Eliot uses imagery of Eppies hair, being golden, looking like gold. When Marner notices her he thinks she is his gold that was stolen from him. This shows how important gold is in his life. He discovered it was a child looking much like his sister. Marner goes to the New Year party at the red house to fetch the doctor after finding the childs mother dead in the snow. Marner wants to keep the child but readers know that it is Godfrey Casss child. In this incident Silas Marner shows many new feelings such as love and importance of being which develops his character. The change in Marner that George Eliot shows is that he has started talking with people and that people in Raveloe have change there view of him and no longer regard Marner as being strange. This is shown when someone talks to him with respectful compassion. George Eliot uses the child to remind the readers of the kindness that he possessed when living in Lantern Yard and also shows a total change in Marner that his life no longer revolves around money but Eppie. This change is so drastic that it even takes Marner by surprise. I know this when he says No-no-I cant part with it. The stuttering at the beginning makes you think that he is confused, but Eppie was said to be almost a revelation. It is like another new beginning for Silas Marner. The fact that Eppie clings to Marner makes him seem like a warm, comforting character. George Eliot creates the warmth by using words to describe Marner and his actions such as soothed, perfectly quiet and wide gazing calm. Godfrey shows jealousy towards Marner but it too proud to say anything because of his conflict of regret and joy. This makes Silas Marners character seem stronger to in the readers point of view. The quote the small hand began to pull at Marners withered cheek with loving disfiguration, show as that he is like a father and rather than being a self absorbed, piteous character he is warm and strong. The strength of his character is emphasised by Godfrey being so weak in this part of the book because of all his mixed emotions. In this part of the book it seems as if Marners character is complete because for once in his life he has a reason for living that he that everyone else regards satisfactory. The reader is reminded of Silas Marners innocent side when he says Till anybody shows theyve a right to take her away from me, The mothers dead, and I reckon its got no father. George Eliot creates shock in the readers when Marner says this by using dramatic irony. This quote again shows Marners strength because he now feels he can stand up to people as from before he didnt even show signs of communication. The reader again feels sorry for Marner when he says My moneys gone, I dont know where-and this is come from I dont know where. It is as if he is still thing to make sense of everything and by comparing Eppie to money, which was the most important thing in his life, is saying that Eppie is now the most important thing in his life. Godfrey gives Marner some money to look after Eppie and states that Eppie is a Poor little thing. This shows characters in the book still feel pity for Marner because they see the child as being a burden but or Silas the child is just what he needed. The reader feels hope for Marner at this point which contradicts the other characters views because only the reader knows hoe truly important the child is to Marner and how hopeless he would be if he didnt have anything in his life still. The final incident I have chosen is in the second part of the book that is sixteen years on from part one of the book. It is when Marners gold is returned to him but is worthless compared to Eppie. Also Godfrey and Nancy (Godfreys wife) went to see Marner and broke the news that Godfrey is Eppies biological father and that he wants her to move in with him. However Eppie will not go as she sees Marner as her father which the reader gets constant reminders of as she always refers to him as daddy or father. George Eliot shows a change in Marner again, as now he is a totally fulfilled character with money and Eppie. However Marner explains to Eppie how he used to count it every night, and his soul was utterly desolate till she was sent to him. This portrays Silas as finally being an ordinary who wants and needs nothing else than Eppie. It shows he has found himself and that he has become totally dedicated to Eppie not money or religion. The writer creates great tension when Silas Marner tells Eppie how she has changed his whole life and that If you hadnt been sent to save me, I should ha gone to the grave in misery. At this Godfrey and Nancy enter Marners house. This sequence of events creates great tension because you know whats coming and you feels so sorry for Eppie and Marner who have got a nice life together which now may be turned into disaster. The tension gathers as it takes so long for Godfrey to break the news. When Godfrey announces he wants Eppie to stay with him the mood between the characters change dramatically. George Eliot creates great frustration between Silas Marner and Godfrey Cass because of the difference in class, which again creates more tension between the characters. When Godfrey says, Make her a lady; shes more fit for it than the rough life, it is like saying your no longer good enough to look after Eppie. When Eppie will not go there is a sense of relief. However when Godfrey tells his news the tension is held at a climax by the angry, shocked mood that George Eliot creates. She is keeps the tension going by using lots of commas and short sentences. George Eliot also uses lots of adjectives to describe the character feelings such as, Lively appreciation and parental fierceness. This makes the feeling more dramatic making them feel more real to the reader. She creates this mood by the actions of Eppie, Eppie had given a violent start, and turned quite pale, and also Marners actions, he answered, with an accent of bitterness. This makes all the characters uneasy with each other and creates the mood. There is great pressure and guilt on Godfrey, especially when Marner states very defensively, Why didnt you say so 16 years ago, and claim her before Id come to love her, when you might as well take the heart out of my body. It is ironic how he is accusing Marner as not being good enough to look after Eppie, when he has taken 16 years to tell her the truth. This shows another change in Marner which is that he will stand up to people even if they are a higher class when it comes down to Eppie. The quote is also another emphasis on how important Eppie is to Marner. There are again many changes in the readers view of Marner. Even in the incident there is a change of character. At first he is said to be always ill at ease when he was being spoken to by betters. However His character becomes stronger and he gains belief in himself. This is shown in the quote of the previous paragraph. Also Marner shows that he very tolerate even to Godfrey who comes across as very unfeeling, selfish and self-absorbed. This is shown when Godfrey, in effect says that Eppie would be better off at the red house. Another change in Marner is that he is always thinking in other peoples best interests, especially Eppies. This is shown when Marner says to Eppie Eppie my child, speak. I wont stand in your way. It also shows that he is very caring. The readers also regard Marner as being very respectful and respected. This is shown when he tells Eppie to Thank Mr. And Mrs. Cass, even after they nearly wrecked his life. It is shown that Marner is respected when Eppie sticks by his side, I cant leave my father. Another change is shown in the readers view of Marner when Godfrey puts pressure on Marner because he tells him he would be better off for money if Eppie went. This shows that Money no longer plays an important part in his life. When Marner tells Eppie that if she stays with him that You must make sure as you wont be sorry shows his sensitive side because he still want the best for Eppie. In incident one when Marner is set up by his best friend I think George Eliot wants us to think about the issue of trust and friendship. I also think she wants us to think how money can effect these issues. For example William was Marners best friend who had profuse amounts of Marners trust and respect. However just to get money he broke these bonds because he though money was worth more. It raises an interesting twist in the book when Marner moves to Raveloe he find that money is the most important thing in his life. Also in Incident one I think she wants to point out that there was no real judicial system and everything went to the church. Almost like god was the judge. It also shows how important religion was in those times and that it lad to injustices. In the world today it seems a strange phenomenon that people thought they could tell who was guilty, and that Marner had so much faith in God that he thought God would show the people that he was not guilty. In incident two George Eliot wants to raise the moral issue of child negligence and single motherhood in those times. She shows the desperation of single mothers in those times, again showing no judicial system and no help for people who werent involved with the church. George Eliot also shows how the whole image, appearance and actions of richer people were so important to uphold. This is shown when Godfrey walks away from his only child and his ex-wife. It is also shown when Mrs Kimble wont take Eppie, Mrs Kimble, hesitating, how-ever to take those dingy clothes into contact with her own ornament satin bodice. Also in incident two the writer wants us to show us the difference in class and how it effected the actions of those people. For example the higher class take pity on the lower class. This is shown by several offers of money to Marner. It also shows that the rich used money to get out of taking responsibilities. In incident three George Eliot wants us to think about the moral issue of class again. It seems ironic how Godfrey feels he has the right to own Eppie after Marner has been her father for sixteen years. She shows how the higher class expects respect from the lower class and the lower class seems to oblige to this expectation. This is shown in the brief quote Thank Mr. and Mrs. Cass. The fact that Marner refers to Godfrey and Nancy as Mr and Mrs shows respect. The writer also wants us to think about the importance of money in the different classes. It seems much more important to Godfrey who uses it to try and bribe Eppie to leaving Marner; this also shows how money makes people think they have power. It used to be of most importance to Marner until he found Eppie. It makes us think about the moral that money is nothing if you dont have anyone to share it with.

Five Ways to Upsell Your Writing Services

Five Ways to Upsell Your Writing Services I’m grateful to be a freelance writer and making a living from something I love. In fact, I’m so grateful that I sometimes sell myself short and accept less pay than what my writing is worth. So how did I begin to expect and receive fair pay and even upsell my services? In her Forbes article, â€Å"How to Get Paid What You’re Worth,† Liz Ryan writes â€Å"†¦you will have to negotiate, and youll also have to say No to the wrong opportunities.† Saying â€Å"no† to some projects opens doors to better pay. Here are a few tips to help you upsell your writing. 1.  Ã‚     Emphasize relevant credentials and experience. I selectively combine both direct and indirect experiences to apply for a gig. For example, if I’m proposing a piece on Mideast refugees, I explain why my previous writing as well as my Middle East living experience qualifies me as the best writer for top pay. 2.  Ã‚     Relate your query to the publications specific need or growth potential. Your sailing expertise may seem detached from a prepper blog, but you could explain how preparing for the unexpected is an essential skill that can benefit preppers using water routes during an apocalyptic event. Craft your query to emphasize water escape preparations as a new niche topic for the publication. 3.  Ã‚     Analyze clients job description to counter-offer services that better meet the need. Twice last year I was asked Another client requested a high-level manuscript review, but then also mentioned comment balloons and line edits. I explained the difference and advised her that if she wanted detailed feedback rather than a summary, she should consider the line edit. She happily paid several hundred dollars more. 4.  Ã‚     Follow up for additional projects. Several previous clients indicated they might have additional work down the road. I politely waited a year or so, and then contacted them to follow up. Most were ready to assign new projects, while one had postponed the idea. My initiative paid off, sometimes more than once as additional projects were developed. 5.  Ã‚     Ask high and accept lower at a fair rate. Some projects have more bargaining flexibility than others. When feasible, consider taking the risk to ask a higher price, and then settle for a lesser amount that will meet your project expectations. However, keep in mind that you may risk losing the project in these situations. In fact, that happened to me recently. I refused a ghostwriting book project that was priced several thousand dollars lower than the work merited and lost the deal. No regrets! As a writer, you set the bar for acceptable pay. Don’t settle for less than you deserve and look for opportunities to upsell your services.

Should the Raelians be accepted or rejected as a true religion Essay

Should the Raelians be accepted or rejected as a true religion - Essay Example Thus it is something that we all humans can be said to have in common. However, there is a great number of varying religions today. Some religions believe in Jesus Christ, others believe in Allah, some believe in other gods and goddesses, and some believe in philosophy. As a social institution, religion is founded by a group of individuals who develop a set of common beliefs and morals as well as practices and reverence for the same things (Breaux, 2008). But what makes a religion a religion? Breaux (2008) identified five sociological characteristics of a religion. These characteristics are very important to the organization and prolongation of the religion. The first characteristic of religion is that it is composed of group of people (Breaux, 2008). In order for a religion to develop and continue, it must be shared by a group of individual that shares common belief, norms, and must be identified as one. The second characteristic of a religion is that there must be certain beliefs t hat make up the structure of the religion and are accepted and embraced by each member of the group (Breaux, 2008). The practices of the group are very important and considered the third important characteristic of a religion (Breaux, 2008). Every religion has patterns of practices that become norms and prescribed rites become rituals (Breaux, 2008).

Marketing Intelligence 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing Intelligence 2 - Essay Example (Reuters, 2012). The objectives of this marketing plan created for Superdry are to conduct market research for the company by looking at some specific factors like customer behaviour and demand in the future and using this information to build more research on customer satisfaction. Throughout the course of this marketing plan, some key objectives will be looked at, for example marketing research techniques, the validity of market findings and situation specific information. Through this research, it is to be determined what steps Superdry needs to adopt in its marketing objectives that will help it adjust in the new market scenario. The business’s strengths are that it has a lot of appeal in the market that it caters to , however that is a small market and on the weakness side, Superdry doesn’t advertise too overtly to become a more prominent player in the market. Some specific objectives include increasing customer satisfaction, sales volume and consequently restoring the companyâ₠¬â„¢s position on the stock market. Recently, Superdry has gone through a lot of structural changes. One of the cofounders of Superdry, Karpathios, who became a partner of the company in 2004, quit this year. Superdry has also experienced falling stock prices and sales levels and shortfalls of stocks. (Baird, 2012). Further, this year Superdry partnered with Indian conglomerate, Reliance Industries. (Jogi, 2012). This move has allowed it to expand its target market and venture into a new arena. India is an expanding market and has a large and diverse population which will help Superdry expand further in the future. A SWOT analysis on Superdry would reveal numerous things. When looking at the strengths that Superdry offers, we notice the elements of quality, niche market appeal and variety. The brand has kept quality levels high while maintaining reasonable prices as compared to other brands that sell branded clothes for a niche market. (Jogi, 2012). However, there are

What Are the Main Perspectives in the Study of Psychology Essay Example for Free

What Are the Main Perspectives in the Study of Psychology Essay What research methods are used to study these perspectives? Every topic in psychology can be looked at in a number of different ways and various different approaches can be adopted for each topic. These approaches are known as perspectives (i. e. view) that involve certain assumptions (i. e. beliefs) about human behaviour: the way they function, which aspects of them are worthy of study and what research methods are appropriate for undertaking this study. There may be several different theories within an approach but they all share the above common assumptions. Different perspectives have different research methods. The â€Å"Gloria Tapes† of 1975 are a good example of how different perspectives are used to address the same problems in a client’s life, as they are looking at her problems from different viewpoints (http://www. metafilter. com, accessed February 2012). For the purpose of this essay, we will be looking at the five main psychological perspectives. These include the psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioural, biological and humanistic perspectives. A wide range of research methods are used in psychology. In its simplest terms, Martin Shuttleworth (2008) defines research as â€Å"In the broadest sense of the word, the definition of research includes any gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement of knowledge† Types of research methods include laboratory and field experiments, case studies, correlations, interviews, observations and questionnaires. These research methods fall into two basic categories: quantitive and qualitive. Qualitative research gathers research that is not in numerical form and is useful for studies at the individual level (i. e. client centred therapy). Quantitive research gathers data in numerical form, which can be put into categories, in order or measured in units of measurement. This type of data can be used to construct graphs and tables of raw data. Experiments typically yield quantitative data (McLeod, S. A. 2007). This essay will now go on to explain the main perspectives in more detail and what different research methods are used for each perspective. The essay will end in a conclusion based on what has been discussed. Sigmund Freud was undoubtedly the main founder of psychodynamics. In 1900 he published his paper â€Å"interpretation of dreams† (Gross, R. 2001 page 15). This marked the beginning of psychoanalytical thought. Other psychiatrists who also helped strongly with the psychodynamic movement include Carl Jung, Alfred Adler and Melanie Klein. Freud’s psychoanalysis is the original psychodynamic theory and is based on the belief that events in our childhood can have a significant impact on our behaviour as adults. He believed that people had little free will to make choices in life (opposite to humanism) and instead, our behaviour is determined by the unconscious mind and childhood experiences. Freud explained the human mind like an iceberg, with only a small amount of it being visible (Gross, R. 001 page 15). Most of our thoughts and ideas are not accessible at that moment (pre – conscious) or are totally inaccessible (unconscious). He used techniques such as free association, dream analysis and transference to unlock the subconscious. Most of our subconscious has been made up through repression, whereby threatening, traumatic or unpleasant experiences are â€Å"forgotten† and â€Å"locked away†. This is a major form of â€Å"ego defence†. Repression is closely related to resistance, interpretation of which is another key technique in psychoanalysis. Freud believed that personality is made up of three components: the id, ego and superego. The id and superego (unconscious) are in constant conflict with the ego (conscious), which tries to resolve this discord. If this conflict is not resolved, we use defence mechanisms to reduce our anxiety. Psychoanalysis attempts to help patients resolve their inner conflicts. The id also contains two instincts, eros (life and sex instinct) and thanatos (dream instinct). Thanatos has weaker energies than eros and is therefore channelled away from ourselves and into aggression towards others. One aspect of psychoanalysis is Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, which shows how early experiences affect adult personality. The most important stage is the phallic stage and during this stage boys experience the â€Å"Oedipus† complex and girls experience the â€Å"Electra complex† (Gross, R. 2001 page 15). These complexes result in children identifying with the same sex parent who enables them to learn sex appropriate behaviour and a moral code of conduct for their future life. However like lots of Freud’s work, it has been criticized for over emphasizing the importance of sexuality and under emphasizes the role and influence of social relationships. The types of research methods that are used to study the psychodynamic approach include case studies (i. . Anna O, Little Hans), experiments, hypnosis, slips of the tongue (paraplexes), projective tests (TAT, Rorschach) and dream analysis. Psychodynamic research methods are mostly unscientific and lack empirical support, in terms of analysing human behaviour. For this approach, we are more likely to see qualitative data collection (case studies) which are subjective and also unfalsifiable. The humanist approach believes this approach is too deterministic, leaving little room for personal agency although a great strength of psychodynamics is that it highlights the importance of the subconscious mind and defence mechanisms. Freud too criticizes other perspectives, especially behaviourism, as it doesn’t take into account the unconscious minds influence on behaviour (McLeod, S. A. 2007). Behavioural psychology is concerned with how outside environmental factors (stimuli) affect observable behaviour (response). It focuses on learned behaviour and how these behaviours are learned and reinforced. The underlying assumption is that psychology should be seen as scientific. Around this time Watson, who was the founder of behaviourism, became increasingly critical of introspection and was also starting to experiment on non – human animals. He believed the psychodynamic perspective was difficult to verify and was very subjective, the polar opposite of behaviourism which can be accurately measured. With his famous manifesto of 1913, Watson redefined psychology and launched the behavioural school of psychology (Gross, R. 2001 page 13). He believed people are born with a â€Å"blank slate† and that peoples (and animals) behaviour are controlled and taught from their specific environment, rather than internally (i. e. Freud, Jung). Freud completely rejects tabula rasa and believed people are born with â€Å"instincts†. Behaviourism is purely a â€Å"nurture approach† and how we are nurtured, determines behaviour. The two main processes whereby people (and animals) learn from their environment are namely classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves learning by association. The Russian psychologist, Pavlov (1897) accidentally stumbled upon this condition after originally studying digestion in dogs (McLeod, S. A. 2007). He noticed the dogs salivating whenever he came into the room, even when he wasn’t bringing them food between experiments. He believed dogs didn’t learn to salivate when they saw food. This was â€Å"hardwired† in them as an unconditioned reflex. So why were they salivating when they saw him enter the room? He came to the conclusion the dogs learnt over time to â€Å"associate† him with food. From this knowledge he conducted experiments where he successfully conditioned dogs to salivate to the sound of just a bell through the repeated association of the sound of a bell and food. This proved his theory. Operant conditioning involves learning from the consequences of behaviour. B. F.  Skinner investigated this theory with controlled experiments and showed how rats learnt and changed their behaviour from punishment, positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement with his â€Å"Skinner Box† experiments (McLeod, S. A. 2007). This and other human experiments explained some behaviour by a person’s (or animals) motive, therefore proving behaviour occurs for a reason. One other behavioural theory that should be mentioned is social learning theory. Albert Bandura (1977 page 38) states behaviour is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning (bobo doll experiment). He believed we learn indirectly, observing behaviours of others then imitating them. For a person to imitate another, the behaviour must be seen as rewarding in some way (reinforced) otherwise this wouldn’t happen. Memory is also involved in some way, and then the behaviour is carried out. Behaviourism is very scientific, using quantitative data. Its laboratory experiments and research with non-human animals is always supported by empirical data, obtained through careful, controlled observation and measurement. These measurements and data are also very accurate. There are limitations to this perspective, with regard to it being too deterministic and its experiments having low ecological value for some. Humanists also believe you cannot compare animals to humans. Behaviourism began to loosen its grip during the 1950’s and during the 1960’s, cognitive psychology started to take hold. Cognitive psychology is introspective and focuses on mental processes such as memory, thinking, problem solving, language and decision making. It has been greatly influenced by psychologists such as Piaget, Bandura and Tolman (1948). It’s a very scientific perspective, and revolves around the notion that if we want to know what makes people tick and behave in certain manners, then we need to know what processes are actually going on in their minds. Unlike behaviorism, which focuses only on observable behaviors, cognitive psychology is concerned with internal mental states. It explains behavior in terms of how the mind operates, often comparing it to a computer (Gross, R. 2001 page 21). Such internal processes include perception, memory, language and maladaptive thinking. These processes are viewed as mechanistic. Perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory information. It comes from the Latin word â€Å"perceptio† which means receiving, collecting and action of taking possession with the mind or senses. â€Å"Memory is the means by which we draw on our past experiences in order to use this information in the present† (Sternberg, 1999). Memory is essential to all our lives. Without a memory of the past, we cannot operate in the present or think about the future. Schemas are memory knowledge packages and can be defined as â€Å"a set of linked mental representations of the world, which we use both to understand and to respond to situations† Piaget, J. (1936). Born in 1896 Piaget was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development. Piaget called the schema the basic building block of intelligent behaviour – a way of organising knowledge. All of us use schemas in our everyday life as well as stereotyping, which are â€Å"mental short cuts†. Stereotypes are often communicated through words i. e. hairman. Another area of cognitive behaviour is social cognition which is concerned with how people think about each other and different social groups i. e. class, minorities. It is suggested people have psychological problems due to maladaptive thinking and irrational thoughts. C. B. T. challenges these thoughts and behaviours to treat such disorders i. e. Depression or Anxiety. Research methods for cognitive behaviour are mostly in the form of laboratory experiments. Case studies though are sometimes used in situations where individuals are brain damaged. It’s extremely scientific using mainly quantitive data. Skinner criticizes the cognitive approach, as he believes that only external stimulus response behaviour should be studied, as this can be scientifically measured (McLeod, S. A. 2007). One of its strengths though is that this perspective has many empirical studies to support its theories. It’s easily measured which is why it’s included in the medical model and is currently used widely in the NHS. The cognitive approach though, does not always recognize physical factors in determining behaviour. The biological perspective studies such factors. The biological perspective is a way of looking at psychological topics, by studying the physical basis for animal and human behaviour. It is one of the major perspectives in psychology, and involves such things as studying the immune system, nervous system and genetics. This field of psychology is often referred to as biopsychology or physiological psychology. This perspective has grown significantly over the past few decades, especially with advances in our ability to explore and understand the human brain and nervous system. Eysenck (1980) believes peoples personality behaviour can be explained in terms of the kind of nervous system a person inherits and has also produced evidence ( Eysenck 1967) relating to biological differences between introverts and extroverts, believing behaviour can be governed by physiology and genetics (inheritance), (Gross, R. 2001 page 616). MRI scans and PET scans also allow researchers to look at the brain in different ways and can explain behaviours in neurological terms. This can sometimes explain abnormal behaviour in people. Biological psychologists believe that schizophrenia is affected by levels of dopamine (a neurotransmitter), and a brain scan can show up these levels. Autism can also be treated by psychoactive drugs and low carbohydrate diets too (Gross, R. 2001 page 582). Those findings have also helped psychiatry and helped to relieve symptoms of mental illness through drugs. One limitation of this perspective is that Freudians would say the biological approach only treats the surface symptoms and not the underlying causes of the actual problem. This approach is very scientific, using laboratory and natural experiments for physiological studies. Brain function studies include invasive (Autopsy) and non- invasive (CAT scans) methods. Brain damaged individuals are also investigated through case studies. The biological approach has a strong counter argument against the nurture approach (behavioural) but humanists would argue against this perspective as being too deterministic. Two of the most influential theorists in humanistic psychology are Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow (Hierarchy of Needs Model). Carl Ransom Rogers was born in 1902 in Oak Park Illinois and is the founder of â€Å"person centred† or non-directive therapy. It’s a form of talk psychotherapy and the goal of P. C. T is to develop a sense of self wherein the client can realize, how their attitudes, feelings and behaviour are being negatively affected and make an effort to find their true potential (Rogers, R C 1961 page 18). Clients are aided by the therapist to find their own solutions to their problems through self-awareness, finally leading to self-actualisation. In Rogers’s words â€Å"the organism has one basic tendency and striving – to actualise, maintain and enhance the experiencing organism (Rogers, R C 1961, 487). He believes we can help ourselves through our own free will and personal agency, to self-actualise to become a fully functioning person once again. Humanistic psychologists empower their clients rather than have â€Å"power† or â€Å"authority over them like psychoanalysts or behaviourists do. They look at human behaviour not only through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving. It’s based on the six core conditions needed for change. As humanists focus on the whole person (holism), they regard scientific measures (i. e. biological) inappropriate for studying behaviour, although their belief in free will is in opposition to the deterministic laws of science. The research uses qualitative data, using methods such as case studies and informal interviews. Qualitative data also gives genuine insight and more holistic information into behaviour. As we can conclude from the discussions on the various perspectives, each one focuses on their own unique conception of why humans behave as they do. Freud’s â€Å"tension reducing person†, Skinners â€Å"environmentally controlled person† and Rogers â€Å"growth motivated person† are all quite different from each other. This diversity of approaches and research methods reflect the complexity of this subject matter. However we’ve also noted some important similarities between different approaches, such as the deterministic nature of Freud’s and Skinners theories and the scientific nature of the behaviourist and biological approaches, which have no consideration for human free will. Each perspective has its own unique strengths and limitations and can even contradict each other’s theories. A scientific approach such as cognitive psychology tends to ignore the subjective (i. e. personal) experiences that people have. The humanistic approach accounts for this but largely at the expense of being non-scientific in its methods and ability to provide evidence. Each perspective though, has something of value to contribute to our understanding of ourselves and human behaviour. Without all these perspectives; our learning and understanding of human behaviour would indeed be more limited and therefore each perspective has its own unique place in psychology.

The Internet :: Web Cyberspace Technology Essays

The Internet The Internet will not start cooking your food or doing your laundry. Despite what some people may say, people are still going to have to perform the every day task of living even if they have DSL or cable modem access to the Internet. However, the Internet will help make the arduous task of living easier and more fulfilling - just like every other communication technology before it. The Internet has the potential to shape the future of the world in many ways, one of which is the preservation of past traditions, values and beliefs by way of its incredible ability for facilitating communication. After all, the Internet is all about communication. The ability to email someone on the other side of the world something so many people point to as being the awesomeness of the Internet. While certainly impressive, the quick communication can create a significant detachment that deviates from a core human requirement. In David Batstone's article "Network Democracy" (Batstone 1), he makes an im portant observation about online communities, or network as he puts it. He argues that online communities will not save everyone that shows up at the door of a community. He explains that there is a difference between "connection and belonging", which is the essence of a successful community. Belonging rather than connecting is not, however, something that will change the way that people interact. The "old world" communities of homes, shopping centers and parks have been doing this for years, decades, centuries, millennia. The foundation of successful communities is the sharing of similar beliefs, values and interests. When one converses with an upstate New Yorker that works in the city, they will find some shared interests with a Manhattan citizen that works in the city. However, there will be a fundamental difference between the two. They may even share the same professional community, their respective home communities are different. The very fact that there are separate religions, countries, states and cities are a testament that belonging rather than connecting has been around much longer than the networks of the new millennium. So why is there such a disconnect between so many citizens of the old world communities and their offline communities? Many people are born into their offline communities. We have little to no choice, for the first several years of our lives, about where we can live and to what community we will subscribe.

Airline Crisis Communication

Airline crisis communication is very important in saving the reputation of an airline company. The purpose of this presentation is to evaluate the reason why some airline loss their reputations and then make successful strategies in an airline crisis communication In this presentation, the definition of airline crisis communication will be given from two aspects, the aspect of practical way and the knowledge of the scholars.Then an example of an unsuccessful case about NYMPH is chosen to scribe the measures they did after a crisis case happened and the analysis of the negative effects and loss following it will be described in details. After that, the problem of this case will be evaluated and reasons will be explained. Finally, four best strategies based on crisis communication theory and successful examples will be introduced to assist airline take successful strategies in the future.Then it comes to the conclusion that best strategies are effective in a crisis communication. Key w ords: Crisis communication: the perception of an unpredictable event that threatens important expectancies of stakeholders and can seriously impact an organization's performance and generate negative outcomes. Reputation: the opinion that people have about an airline someone or something because if what has happened in the past.

Cause-Effect

A couple of weeks ago, my grandmother passed away. I was at my lowest point in my life. I was extremely sad and depressed. However, I knew I could always rely on Salsa. I would call her In the middle of the night and she was there to pick up my phone calls. When I needed someone to express my emotions to, she was there. She always encouraged me to look on the bright side of things. She always ensured me that better days were going to come because death is a part of life that we simply have to deal with. She helped me cope and deal with the loss of my grandmother.We loud do activities such as working out and cooking together to keep my mind off the death of my grandmother. Salsa comforted me by having a shoulder to cry on when I didn't have anyone else. She was the only person that could understand my feelings and what I was going through. Salsa also supported me emotionally. There were times when I had difficulties in school and I felt like giving up. However, she encouraged me keep pushing harder to accomplish my goals. She helped me understand that there are going to be struggles that we face In this world but we cannot give up and run from our problems.She supported me by Glenn me great advice and pushing me to do my best with my academics. Her words of encouragement boosted my self-esteem to accomplish my goals. I am extremely grateful to have someone like Salsa in my life. She has always been there for me when others did not understand. She is honestly one of the sweetest people I have met in my life. Salsa helps me stay grounded and humble. She supports me emotionally by always being there for me in times of difficulty, making me laugh when I am sad and encouraging me to try my best with everything.Her physically and emotional support has helped me get through the most hardest times In life. I know I can always count on her to cheer me up. By Handmaiden Cheddar Suffix Abdul Caked Two years ago, I met a beautiful young girl name Salsa. I met her at a famil y Salsa. I would call her in the middle of the night and she was there to pick up my that we face in this world but we cannot give up and run from our problems. She supported me by giving me great advice and pushing me to do my best with my times in life. I know I can always count on her to cheer me up.

Flannery O essays

Flannery O essays Flannery was born on March 25, 1925 daughter of Edward F. and Regina L. OConnor in Savannah Georgia. Her parents only child she grew up in their Catholic home in Savannah until she was twelve (Baumgaertner 5). At age twelve her family moved from Savannah to Milledgeville, the town where her mothers father had been mayor for a number of years. In Milledgeville she attended Peabody High School and after graduation enrolled in the Georgia State College for Women (Whitt 6). These schools were both only a few blocks from Flannerys childhood home in the antebellum Cline House (McKenzie 38). After graduating from Georgia State College for women in 1945 with an A.B., OConnor furthered her education by attending the University of Iowa. Her first short story The Geranium was published at age 21 while attending school in Iowa (Liukkonen). After receiving her Master of Fine Arts in Literature from the University of Iowa, OConnor moved her life to New York. While in New York, OConnor was able to publish her first Novel, Wise Blood. The first four chapters appeared in various magazines in 1948 and 1949. In 1952 the entire book was published. In 1978, long after OConnors death a screenplay was written from this work (Liukkonen). Wise Blood was not exactly the work some people were expecting to come from OConnor. A cousin of OConnor sent the book to local clergy members prior to reading it and once she read it she felt necessary to send apologies to the same people (Starr). Wise Blood dealt with a distraught soldier returning from the army and creating a Church without Christ (Liukkonen). It is very common for a story written by OConnor to have a plot centered on religion. As noted by Liukkonen, OConnors second novel, The Violent Bear it Away (1960), had a related subject matter. The reasons a writer chooses a particular style of...

Copernicium or Ununbium Facts - Cn or Element 112

Copernicium or Ununbium Facts - Cn or Element 112 Copernicium or UnunbiumBasic Facts Atomic Number: 112 Symbol: Cn Atomic Weight: [277] Discovery: Hofmann, Ninov et al. GSI-Germany 1996 Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 Name Origin: Named for Nicolaus Copernicus, who proposed the heliocentric solar system. The discoverers of copernicum wanted the elements name to honor a famous scientist who did not get much recognition during his own liferime. Also, Hofmann and his team wished to honor the importance of nuclear chemistry to other scientific fields, such as astrophysics. Properties: The chemistry of copernicum is expected to be similar to that of the elements zinc, cadmium, and mercury. In contrast to the lighter elements, element 112 decays after a fraction of a thousandth of a second by emitting alpha particles to first become an isotope of element 110 with atomic mass 273, and then an isotope of hassium with atomic mass 269. The decay chain has been followed for three more alpha-decays to fermium. Sources: Element 112 was produced by fusing (melting together) a zinc atom with a lead atom. The zinc atom was accelerated to high energies by a heavy ion accelerator and directed onto a lead target. Element Classification: Transition Metal References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.) Periodic Table of the Elements

Surviving Employees after Job Termination Essay

Surviving Employees after Job Termination - Essay Example People's jobs are their livelihood, their sense of meaning, or, at the very least, a great way to occupy eight hours a day. The company needs to understand the ramifications of a workforce that has lost its job security, and should take special measures to make the process as painless as possible. Companies can be pro-active when faced with layoffs and help the surviving employees overcome low productivity, low morale, health problems, and an uncertain future. When an employee encounters the first rumors of an impending downsizing, their world is filled with uncertainty. The employee immediately loses the capacity to weigh the outcome of their actions, and creates questions about their future role with the company, opportunity for future advancement, and whether or not they will be ultimately fired (Paulsen et al., 2005, p.465). The situation where the workforce is notified by rumors presents an unwelcome situation for everyone involved. According to Cascio and Wynn (2004), "many employment downsizing efforts fail to involve employees in any decisions either about the process or the desired outcome. As a result, employees feel powerless and helpless, and there is massive uncertainty in the organization" (p.427). While manager or employee input may be able to smooth the process, they may see the decision as inevitable and be reluctant or unwilling to offer any input. This places the company in a position to act impersonally with aloofness and distance. It is in this scenario that the ill-advised e-mail used by Radio Shack becomes the corporate culture. Avoiding the pitfalls of the workforce being notified of looming terminations by rumor requires the company to be pro-active in their communication on the issue. To avert problems, either perceived or real, personal communication with the workforce needs to take place well in advance of the termination date (Brockner, 1992, p.11). Employees should be notified of the company's plans in an environment that generates trust. There is a risk that the period between alerting the workforce of the downsizing and the date of termination can be marred by a work slowdown or even sabotage. A meeting, or series of meetings at different levels, can be used to justify the reasons for the layoffs and assure the employees that it is a last resort alternative (Brockner, 1992, p.10). The corporate culture will also have a marked effect on this initial phase. A company that has practiced "honest, consistent, and regular communication efforts from the highest levels of executives on down" will be less pr one to the negative effects of rumors and speculation (Cascio & Wynn, 2004, p.427). Good communication before, during, and after the layoffs is essential to the effective management of downsizing. One of the biggest effects that downsizing has is the impact it has on the perception of job security among the survivors. In many cases, downsizing takes place in an environment where a company is struggling to make a profit and job security is already at a minimum. Job insecurity can affect an employee's productivity, creativity, innovation, decision making, and personal health (Probst, Stewart, Gruys, & Tierney, 2004; Alam, Robinson, & Pacher, 2006; Kivimki, Vahtera, Pentti, & Ferrie, 2000). In addition, the stress of job insecurity spills over into

Hospitality Current Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hospitality Current - Essay Example Challenges Facing the Hospitality Industry Introduction In the past centuries, hospitality was not a common field known by many people as an important and critical part of societal life. This fact just changed with the booming international trade and changes in lifestyles for many citizens across the world. The two factors have not existed peaceably but have been posing challenges in the sector of hospitality. Among the challenges faced by the hospitality sector include competition, technological advancement, diversity, lack of professionalism to offer proper services, food safety and sanitation, security issues, and globalization among other problems. Rigorous technological advancement has posed serious challenges to the hospitality industry the world over. Technological advancement has transformed the way work is done in the hospitality industry (Powers & Barrows, 2008). Almost every activity is automated or computerized and the marketing venues are shifting to the internet. Hospit ality industry players have sought to employ the use of websites for marketing their products, increasing operation costs due to high costs of maintaining the websites. In order to broaden customer base, players in the hospitality industry need to invest on technologies that can enable online booking for services by the customers (Binion, 2006). The initial cost and maintenance of such technologies is exorbitant and in some cases unaffordable by certain operators in the industries Uncertainty occasioned by rising security has triggered unrest among the customers of the hospitality industry such as hotels which record low bookings as visitors shy away. Increased cases of terrorism have raised fear in customers as they always think of their safety when travelling (Powers & Barrows, 2008). Cases of abduction have also caused security doubts among many, which has negatively affected the hospitality industry as customers fear to travel freely across the world. Many operators in the hospi tality industry such as hotels and air travel agencies have been forced to invest in expensive and hi-tech security measures to retain the confidence of consumers as far as their security is concerned. The hospitality industry players have also been compelled to spend much money in insuring their operations against any occurrence of insecurity. Cases of food poisoning in various hotels have raised concerns of food safety and proper sanitation. Reported death cases occasioned by food poisoning affects customers consumption of good food products in the hospitality industry (Powers & Barrows, 2008). Cultural diversity has also pushed hospitality industry into expensive foodstuffs to meet the demands of their customers The significant challenge that has disrupted the growth of sectors in the hospitality is the recent global economic recession. The crisis has done a lot to discourage people from travelling due to high cost of travelling and low income earned by many consumers (Rob, 2010) . Additionally, the financial crisis has pushed the hospitality industry to increase the costs of accommodation, causing a sharp decline in demand of hotel and hospitality related services. Increase in the level and number of individual acquiring education has resulted to high levels of customer awareness. Customers have tended to demand services whose quality gives good value for their money.