Questions on strategic management Research Paper

Inquiries on key administration - Research Paper Example What's more, understanding the business condition through examination and other important activities guarantees distinguishing proof of key variables (Cherunilam 55). This move just ensures that the global firms will have the option to get familiar with the business condition. Also, when they do, it would be simple for them to grasp a few changes including the main concern inside the detailing of real key activities. Knowing the business condition is significant in light of the fact that this is one suitable move so as to know the fundamental activities the worldwide firms need to start. Multiculturalism for example is a fundamental belief that should have been incorporated particularly among companies having business exercises in the worldwide setting. 2. Thoroughly analyze pattern extrapolation with the composition of situations as methods. (Bolster your answer with a model). Pattern extrapolation is quantitative in nature. Data can either be spoken to in a quantitative arrangement or with numerical worth. Diagrams and other quantitative portrayals can be utilized for this reason (Cornish 86). The composition of situations then again is subjective in its structure, as this could likewise turn out recorded. Albeit both pattern extrapolation and composing situations are strategies that could turn out verifiable in nature, for they include the need to investigate past occasions or information. Be that as it may, they fluctuate in their real introduction for it is anything but difficult to decipher information changed into data introduced in graphical structures. For instance, understanding the past pattern of deals created by a specific item offering could be both actualized through pattern extrapolation and composing situations methods. Both are really equipped for introducing the essential and important data. In any case, for the accommodation of utilizing and deciphering data, there is a decent method to think that its progressively conceivable with pattern e xtrapolation. Then again, pattern extrapolation might be intricate enough as this method not at all like the composing situations, requires scientific execution. Pattern extrapolation might be unpredictable, for it would likewise require the correct number of information all together for the got data to be measurably significant. 3. By what means may a firm’s the board choose whether it should keep on putting resources into recognizable innovation or in new however untested innovation? What elements may energize or debilitate such a move? (Bolster your answer with a model). There are numerous components related with settling on this choice, however one of them incorporate effectiveness. Firms are anticipating effective yield so as to amplify opportunity and to produce income and in the long run benefit. The following thought is efficiency. Profitable yield today requires the utilization of innovation, so as to hit the necessary volume of creation important to help the whole b usiness activity to proceed work. Then again, there is likewise a need to accomplish upper hand so there is additionally a need to consider whether to grasp new however untested innovation or stay with the most recognizable one. There are natural advancements these days that could keep on furnishing firms with the accomplishment of the previously mentioned factors at a higher wonderful cost sparing. So hence, an organization would have the option to pick

Aboriginal Awareness, a look at the culture of Australian aboriginals.

Native Awareness, a glance at the way of life of Australian aboriginals. Developing Awareness ofAboriginal CultureCulture, as indicated by the Macquarie Dictionary, is the entirety of methods of living developed by a gathering of individuals which is transmitted from one age to another.At contact there was no single, homogeneous Aboriginal society, bunches contrasted in parts of their social and social organisations.Existence of across the board informal organizations implied that individuals must be multilingual to convey, similar to astute music and move, connection frameworks, fine arts and services varied drastically between locales. However these distinctions were most likely less significant then the hidden similitudes which united gatherings for functions, exchange, to intermarry and which permitted the support of fantasies, melody lines and trade cycles that stretched out more than several kilometres.The Dreamtime, or Aboriginal Dreaming, alludes to anecdotes about the creation time frame. It is a piece of an intricate arrangement of convictions a nd otherworldliness overseeing the entire way of life of the Aboriginal people.Indigenous Australian stone workmanship delineating Barramund...Religious and profound convictions influenced all parts of Aboriginal life, including which nourishments individuals were allowed to eat, marriage laws, and the plans that were cut or painted on actualizes and weapons.Knowledge of the law and of religion and of the Dreaming stories was procured logically. The older folks in each gathering had the customary information and given it to the more youthful age at specific ceremonies.Today much nitty gritty strict information has been lost because of the impacts of white settlement.Terms, for example, clans, families, bunches, etc, are utilized to some degree freely in English however for Aboriginal society there were exceptionally clear laws and connection frameworks which decided the general public structure of any group.The Aboriginal individuals utilized the assets of the land with aptitude. Th eir developments looking for food were not arbitrary but rather because of occasional accessibility of assets. The conduits,

OCD vs. Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder

OCD vs. Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder OCD Related Conditions Print OCD vs. Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder By Owen Kelly, PhD Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on July 01, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on September 12, 2019 Manchan / Getty Images More in OCD Related Conditions Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Living With OCD Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) are often a source of considerable confusion for researchers, healthcare professionals, and patients. Despite having similar names and symptoms, OCD and OCPD are distinct forms of mental illness that have unique and specific characteristics. The main difference  is that OCD is designated in the DSM within its own category called Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders,  while OCPD is considered a personality disorder.?? Characteristics of OCD OCD is a disorder defined as the presence of an obsession (an irrational thought or idea that continually repeats) or a compulsion (an irrational behavior performed repeatedly). These behaviors can occur together or on their own, and interfere with a persons quality of life and ability to function.?? Obsessions Obsessions are not simply worries about real, everyday problems; they are defined by specific clinical characteristics, namely: Irrational thoughts, images, or ideas that won’t go away, are unwanted and cause extreme distressThoughts that you accept as your own but seem impossible to controlThoughts that are distressing enough to cause you to act in ways to actively dispel those thoughts, such as engaging in compulsive behaviors as a means of distraction Compulsions Similar to obsessions, compulsions are neither routines nor addictions.?? Rather, they are characterized by abnormal behaviors that may include: Irrational and often ritualistic behaviors you feel you must carry out over and over again, such as cleaning, hand-washing, counting, tapping, or double-checkingEngaging in repetitive behaviors for fear that something terrible may happen, such as getting an infectionHoarding things out of fear that something bad may happen if you dont have these items near youPerforming ritualistic behaviors to dispel anxieties about an obsessive thought, such as the fear of someone dyingRepetitive behaviors that you recognize are irrational but find impossible to stop Characteristics of OCPD OCPD is a personality disorder defined by strict adherence to orderliness and control over ones environment at the expense of flexibility and the openness to new experiences.?? OCPD is characterized by personality traits such as: An excessive need for perfection and a relentless control over not only your environment but the nature of interpersonal relationshipsA preoccupation with details, rules, lists, and order to the extent that you may miss the major objective of an activityAn excessive devotion to work at the expense of family or friendsA rigidity and inflexibility with regards to morals, ethics, values, and/or the adherence to rulesThe inability to get rid of items that no longer have value (hoarding)The inability to be generous to others OCD vs. OCPD Differentiating Between Conditions While there is considerable overlap between the two disorders, there are four basic ways to tell OCD and OCPD apart: OCD is defined by the presence of true obsessions and/or compulsions. Conversely, with OCPD, the behaviors are not directed by thoughts you are unable to control or irrational behaviors you repeat over and over again, often with no apparent aim.??Persons with OCD are typically distressed by the nature of their behaviors or thoughts, however much they are unable to control them, while people with OCPD fully believe that their actions have an aim and purpose.Persons with OCD will often seek professional help to overcome the irrational nature of their behavior and the persistent state of anxiety they live under.?? (Some, however, may not see their actions as irrational and will not seek help for behavior they believe to be helpful or necessary.)Persons with OCPD will usually not seek help because they dont see that anything they are doing is particularly abnormal or irrational.The symptoms of OCD tend to fluctuate in association with the underlying anxiety. Because OCPD is defined by in flexibility, the behaviors tend to be persistent and unchanging over the long term. A Word From Verywell While there are clear conceptual differences between OCD and OCPD, in practice, these disorders can be difficult to tell apart. In some cases, a person may even be affected by both disorders. To come to an informed diagnosis and find appropriate treatment, it is important to seek the care of a qualified mental health professional, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist.?? Some OCD and/or OCPD sufferers may not recognize the detrimental impact of their behavior(s) and may be in harms way. If you know someone in this situation, encourage them to seek professional help in a supporting, sensitive way.

Taliban Decrees and Prohibitions Against Women

Immediately on taking over cities and communities in Afghanistan, the Taliban imposed its law, based on an interpretation of Sharia  or Islamic  law that was stricter than in any part of the Islamic world. The interpretation is at wide variance from that of most Islamic scholars. With very minimal changes, what follows are the Taliban rules, decrees, and prohibitions as posted in Kabul and elsewhere in Afghanistan beginning in November and December 1996, and as translated from Dari by Western non-governmental agencies. The grammar and syntax ​follows the original. Those rules still prevail wherever the Taliban is in control – in vast parts of Afghanistan or in Pakistans Federally Administered Tribal Areas. On Women and Families Decree announced by the General Presidency of Amr Bil Maruf and Nai As Munkar (Taliban Religious Police), Kabul, November 1996. Women you should not step outside your residence. If you go outside the house you should not be like women who used to go with fashionable clothes wearing much cosmetics and appearing in front of every men before the coming of Islam. Islam as a rescuing religion has determined specific dignity for women, Islam has valuable instructions for women. Women should not create such opportunity to attract the attention of useless people who will not look at them with a good eye. Women have the responsibility as a teacher or coordinator for her family. Husband, brother, father have the responsibility for providing the family with the necessary life requirements (food, clothes etc). In case women are required to go outside the residence for the purposes of education, social needs or social services they should cover themselves in accordance with Islamic Sharia regulation. If women are going outside with fashionable, ornamental, tight and charming clothes to show themselves, they will be cursed by the Islamic Sharia and should never expect to go to heaven. All family elders and every Muslim have responsibility in this respect. We request all family elders to keep tight control over their families and avoid these social problems. Otherwise these women will be threatened, investigated and severely punished as well as the family elders by the forces of the Religious Police (Munkrat). The Religious Police have the responsibility and duty to struggle against these social problems and will continue their effort until evil is finished. Hospital Rules and Prohibitions Rules of work for the State Hospitals and private clinics based on Islamic Sharia principles. Ministry of Health, on behalf of Amir ul Momineet Mohammed Omar. Kabul, November 1996. 1. Female patients should go to female physicians. In case a male physician is needed, the female patient should be accompanied by her close relative. 2. During examination, the female patients and male physicians both will be dressed with Islamic . 3. Male physicians should not touch or see the other parts of female patients except for the affected part. 4. Waiting room for female patients should be safely covered. 5. The person who regulates turn for female patients should be a woman. 6. During the night duty, in what rooms which female patients are hospitalized, the male doctor without the call of the patient is not allowed to enter the room. 7. Sitting and speaking between male and female doctors are not allowed. If there be need for discussion, it should be done with hijab. 8. Female doctors should wear simple clothes, they are not allowed stylish clothes or use of cosmetics or make-up. 9. Female doctors and nurses are not allowed to enter the rooms where male patients are hospitalized. 10. Hospital staff should pray in mosques on time. 11. The Religious Police are allowed to go for control at any time and nobody can prevent them. Anybody who violates the order will be punished as per Islamic regulations. General Rules and Prohibitions General Presidency of Amr Bil Maruf. Kabul, December 1996. 1. To prevent sedition and female uncovers (Be Hejabi). No drivers allowed to pick up women who are using Iranian burqa. In case of violation the driver will be imprisoned. If such kind of female are observed in the street their house will be found and their husband punished. If the women use stimulating and attractive cloth and there is no accompany of close male relative with them, the drivers should not pick them up. 2. To prevent music. To be broadcasted by the public information resources. In shops, hotels, vehicles and rickshaws cassettes and music are prohibited. This matter should be monitored within five days. If any music cassette found in a shop, the shopkeeper should be imprisoned and the shop locked. If five people guarantee the shop should be opened the criminal released later. If cassette found in the vehicle, the vehicle and the driver will be imprisoned. If five people guarantee the vehicle will be released and the criminal released later. 3. To prevent beard shaving and its cutting. After one and a half months, if anyone is observed who has shaved and/or cut his beard, they should be arrested and imprisoned until their beard gets bushy. 4. To prevent keeping pigeons and playing with birds. Within ten days this habit/hobby should stop. After ten days this should be monitored and the pigeons and any other playing birds should be killed. 5. To prevent kite-flying. The kite shops in the city should be abolished. 6. To prevent idolatry. In vehicles, shops, hotels, room and any other places, pictures and portraits should be abolished. The monitors should tear up all pictures in the above places. 7. To prevent gambling. In collaboration with the security police the main centers should be found and the gamblers imprisoned for one month. 8. To eradicate the use of narcotics. Addicts should be imprisoned and investigation made to find the supplier and the shop. The shop should be locked and the owner and user should be imprisoned and punished. 9. To prevent the British and American hairstyle. People with long hair should be arrested and taken to the Religious Police department to shave their hair. The criminal has to pay the barber. 10. To prevent interest on loans, charge on changing small denomination notes and charge on money orders. All money exchangers should be informed that the above three types of exchanging the money should be prohibited. In case of violation criminals will be imprisoned for a long time. 11. To prevent washing cloth by young ladies along the water streams in the city. Violator ladies should be picked up with respectful Islamic manner, taken to their houses and their husbands severely punished. 12. To prevent music and dances in wedding parties. In the case of violation the head of the family will be arrested and punished. 13. To prevent the playing of music drum. The prohibition of this should be announced. If anybody does this then the religious elders can decide about it. 14. To prevent sewing ladies cloth and taking female body measures by tailor. If women or fashion magazines are seen in the shop the tailor should be imprisoned. 15. To prevent sorcery. All the related books should be burnt and the magician should be imprisoned until his repentance. 16. To prevent not praying and order gathering pray at the bazaar. Prayer should be done  on  their due times in all districts. Transportation should be strictly prohibited and all people are obliged to go to the mosque. If young people are seen in the shops they will be immediately imprisoned. 9. To prevent the British and American hairstyle. People with long hair should be arrested and taken to the Religious Police department to shave their hair. The criminal has to pay the barber. 10. To prevent interest on loans, charge on changing small denomination notes and charge on money orders. All money exchangers should be informed that the above three types of exchanging the money should be prohibited. In case of violation criminals will be imprisoned for a long time. 11. To prevent washing cloth by young ladies along the water streams in the city. Violator ladies should be picked up with respectful Islamic manner, taken to their houses and their husbands severely punished. 12. To prevent music and dances in wedding parties. In the case of violation the head of the family will be arrested and punished. 13. To prevent the playing of music drum. The prohibition of this should be announced. If anybody does this then the religious elders can decide about it. 14. To prevent sewing ladies cloth and taking female body measures by tailor. If women or fashion magazines are seen in the shop the tailor should be imprisoned. 15. To prevent sorcery. All the related books should be burnt and the magician should be imprisoned until his repentance. 16. To prevent not praying and order gathering pray at the bazaar. Prayer should be done on their due times in all districts. Transportation should be strictly prohibited and all people are obliged to go to the mosque. If young people are seen in the shops they will be immediately imprisoned.

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DaVinvi The last Supper Essay - 694 Words

The Last Supper has been and will be one of the most talked about works of Leonardo Da Vinci’s work of art. The work of art was started in 1495 and was completed in 1498; it contained the event depicted in the bible as the final days when Jesus announced that he would be betrayed by one of his twelve disciples.† Leonardo had chosen to depict the moment when Jesus says, â€Å"One of you will betray me†.1 The painting is located in the dining hall of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan Italy. The painting was commissioned by Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza. The painting it self has a massive presence of 15 feet high by 29 feet wide. Even though most facts stated that the painted was not completed until three years after it was started. It was also†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, the work of art The Last Supper was not able to stand the test of time. This untried method at the time caused the painting to begin deterioration within twenty year of completion. The outcome was that the pigment began to break loose from its base causing the masterpiece to decay over time. Most blame the brick wall it was painted on because of the changes in the wall due to temperature, humidity and moisture which all affected the pigments of paint and the base it was painted on. Many different design elements went into the work of The Last Supper. Elements such as one point perspective, chiaroscuro, lighting, and atmospheric perspective where used to create this art work. The one point perspective used Jesus’ head as the vantage point of the painting, which was also used as some say a source of light. The head of Jesus also seems to be a source of light for the whole painting. The head was placed in front of the largest window in the painting. In this window and other to the side of the one main one was the element atmospheric perspective, which used techniques such as brightness, manipulations of cool and warm colors, and color saturation, to show the depth of the painting. The techniques of chiaroscuro which is the gradual shifting from light to dark over curved surfaces using successive graduation of tones, it was mainly used on many of the faces and feet and arms of Jesus and his apostil’s. This was used to show the human like

HRM and Its Impact of HR Practise-Free-Samples Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.Evidence-based HRM, a specific application of the broader term, evidence-based Management, is a cornerstone in this subject. Using at least two information sources from academic journals, explain what is meant by this term. Why is this Important in HR Practice? 2.Find any two internet written sources that you believe would be useful to Israel Tobin in persuading Mark French of the Strategic Value of the HR function in CERA. 3.Using the CRAP test, evaluate the two sources that you used above. Answers: 1.Evidence based HRM and its impact of HR practise: This process is in charge of making all the decisions and combines the critical thinking of business information with that of the evidence. The evidence based HRM is the professional decision maker. The decisions are made taking into context the high quality research and the evidence based HRM needs daily practise to learn the integration of HR practises of the organisation (Armstrong Taylor, (2014). The evidence based HRM allows the HR with an understanding of taking good decisions and make the practises, which actually work. There is no place of blind trust in any organisation and thus if the HR lacks knowledge then the organisation suffers a stagnant state. The good HR is brilliant in critical thinking and has a questioning mindset. The mindset offers them with exploring, understanding, testing the effectiveness of the decisions. This critical thinking in HR is inserted with the help of evidence based HRM practitioner. The evidence based HRM instigates the HR to think and make su ch decisions taking into context the evidence, which will affect the organisation in a positive way. The evidence based HRM is the base of a HR and HR is related to the organisational challenges and promotes practices using organisational facts and assessments (Marler Fisher, 2013). 2.Sources supporting Israel Tobins pitch: Israel Tobin proposed to imply innovative culture in their work design process, he has proposed the idea of inculcating innovation in work design to Mark French, and the executive team right after Mark showed him the Australian innovation system report, which states that no company is inculcating innovation in their work design (Samson Gloet, 2014). The two articles that support his pitch and inform about the importance of his idea are: McMurray, A. J., Islam, M., Sarros, J. C., Pirola?Merlo, A. (2013). Workplace innovation in a nonprofit organization.Nonprofit Management and Leadership,23(3), 367-388. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115208 The above two article support the pitch of Israel Tobin. Innovation management in an organisation is very important work of the HR. The two articles clearly denote that innovation in work place is very important to maintain the standards of the organisation (McMurray et al, 2013). The Australian innovation report clearly mentioned the missing innovation in every organisation including CERA. The role of HR in promoting the workplace innovation is very vital to foster a healthy work environment and get over the stagnant condition of the organisation (Pot, Totterdill Dhondt, 2016). Tobin can adopt motivational perspectives in CERA to emphasize the importance of innovation in the work place. Innovation in work place will help in the development of the employees mental satisfaction and provide them with a proper work place (Xerri, Brunetto, 2013). Innovation in work place and practising the evidence based HRM process will provide CERA with the thoughts of the customers (Borrs Edquist, 2014). Tobin believes that CERA is famous for its innovation strategy and it is right to work with an innovative strategy in a pilot place to check with the effectiveness of creativity and innovation in CERA. Innovation is always not about building new infrastructure, it is sometimes doing the same old things in a new way (Torugsa Arundel, 2016). 3.CRAP test: Currency: The two articles, which are chosen to support Israel Tobins thoughts about innovation, are current and yes, it is from an appropriate time. The articles were first published in the year of 2013 and 2014 respectively. The period is exactly matching to the needs of the discussion. These articles are not at all revised since then thus they are actually the one, which was first published. Reliability or relevancy: The two article has the accurate and original information and match exactly to Tobins comment on implying innovation in work design. Both the articles are about the importance of innovation in the work places and hence support the choice too. The author of the author has used some sources from which he has gathered the idea of the importance of innovation in the work place. Both the article has accurate and proper grammar and the information can be verified from the other given sources. The information in both the article is reliable and has relevance to the discussion. The articles discuss the importance of innovation in any work place taking into consideration any organisation and its employees. Authority: The source from which the information is found is appropriate and trustable. The authors of the first article are Adela J. McMurray, Md. Mazharul Islam, James C. Sarros and Andrew Pirola-Merlo and that of the second article is Sharon K. Parker. The publisher of the first article is Wiley online library and that of the second article are the official site of annual review of psychology. The URL of the first article ends with .com and that of the second article is .org. both the article contains the actual information about the impact of innovation in work place and its influence on the employees. Purpose: The authors motives behind the publishing of the resources are to validate the importance of creativity and innovation in the work place. The authors with the help of those resources want to inform the readers about innovation in work place and to inform them about what role does it play to improve the condition of the environment of the work place. The innovation and creativity is very important method, which provide the employees with a better work place and to the employees with a proper justification and idea about the customers view and thoughts about the organisation (Moran Porter Curth-Bibb, 2014).. The resources used in this writing have only links to buy the full access to the article and are sponsored by the resource itself. The authors are not biased as they clearly in a brief manner discuss only why work place innovation is needed and what changes will it make in the environment of the work place. Both the article states that innovation will provide the workplac e with a different and effective work environment. The work place innovation if adapted in CERA will provide them with an effective work place and will help them to bring critical thinking in their HR practises and practise more evidence based HRM process (Brunetto, 2013). Conclusion: The innovation in work place adapted by CERA can be like dividing the office in to two separate areas, first one will be the work area and the second one will be the communication or recreation zone. CERA can also bring innovation in their work place by scheduling some events once a week so that the employees get a chance to enjoy themselves and lessen their burden of work. Tobin can propose the executive team and the CEO to develop a practise of working in the field of any pilot area, which will not bore the employees and help them get interested in working. As Tobin have already thought about the idea of working on a pilot area and practise innovation there then they can give it a try to start with field work as many employees get bored of sitting and working in an office. The innovation in work place will help the employees get more attracted to their work and to office. References: Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Borrs, S., Edquist, C. (2014). Education, training and skills in innovation policy.Science and Public Policy,42(2), 215-227. Brunetto, Y., Xerri, M., Shriberg, A., Farr?Wharton, R., Shacklock, K., Newman, S., Dienger, J. (2013). The impact of workplace relationships on engagement, well?being, commitment and turnover in Australia and the USA.,69(12), 2786-2799. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115208 Marler, J. H., Fisher, S. L. (2013). An evidence-based review of e-HRM and strategic human resource management.Human Resource Management Review,23(1), 18-36. McMurray, A. J., Islam, M., Sarros, J. C., Pirola?Merlo, A. (2013). Workplace innovation in a nonprofit organization.Nonprofit Management and Leadership,23(3), 367-388. Moran, M., Porter, D., Curth-Bibb, J. (2014).Funding Indigenous organisations: improving governance performance through innovations in public finance management in remote Australia. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare AIHW. Pot, F., Totterdill, P., Dhondt, S. (2016). Workplace innovation: European policy and theoretical foundation.World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development,12(1), 13-32. Samson, D., Gloet, M. (2014). Innovation capability in Australian manufacturing organisations: an exploratory study.International Journal of Production Research,52(21), 6448-6466. Torugsa, N. A., Arundel, A. (2016). The nature and incidence of workgroup innovation in the Australian public sector: evidence from the Australian 2011 state of the service survey.Australian Journal of Public Administration,75(2), 202-221. Xerri, M. J., Brunetto, Y. (2013). Fostering innovative behaviour: The importance of employee commitment and organisational behaviour.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,24(16), 3163-3177

Piezoelectric Nano

Introduction Piezoelectric nano-biosensors are designed to operate in the nano-dimensions. They are mainly used to conduct an analysis of various biomaterial samples with the chief objective of understanding bio-compositions, functionalities, and even their structures (Atta 2011).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Piezoelectric Nano-biosensor Importance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although different modes of operations are deployed by different biosensors, their central principle of operation is based on the interactions of physical and or chemical detectors and the biological components. Through this interaction, it becomes possible to detect and analyse analytes (Joshi Bhansali 2008). A biological recognition element that incorporates a nano-material or nano-scale phenomena having the capability to convert the cognized event through transduction process into an appropriate signal in chemical of physica l format is the building block of piezoelectric nano-biosensors. In these sense, piezoelectric nano-biosensors form the bridge between the biological spectrum and the chemical and or physical spectrums (Khana 2012). Some of the detection principles of operation of nano-biosensors include optical, mechanical, chemical, and piezoelectric detection ideologies. The focus of this paper is on the piezoelectric bio-sensing detection principle. The science behind piezoelectric nano-biosensors Piezoelectric transducers are deployed in the signal detection process to change mechanical force that is exacted by masses placed on a crystal onto some electrical signal, which while amplified is used to proportionately measure the mass of an object placed on the piezoelectric material. When a mass is placed on top of piezoelectric material, the material resonates with a frequency proportional to the mass placed on it. A voltage proportionate to the size of the mass is generated (Dey Goswami 2011).A dvertising Looking for case study on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the nano-dimensions, piezoelectric materials or nano-biosensors deploying the piezzo electric principle of operation possess immobilised elements of sensing on some piezoelectric crystals. A good example of material that can be deployed to function as a piezoelectric transducer is â€Å"functionalised quartz crystal with dehydrogenate to detect formaldehyde† (Pohanka et al. 2007: 2826). However, it is perhaps also crucial to note that, when voltage is applied across a piezoelectric material, the material deforms proportionately to the amount of voltage applied. An immense theoretical study on the operation principle of the piezoelectric material has been developed. Whether at nano level or even in the kilo level, the basic principle of operation remains the same. Sauerbrey (Ho 1999), Stockridge (Hahn 1988) and Lostis (Muramatsu et al. 1987) deployed different approaches to develop equations that describe the relationship between the frequency of resonance for an oscillating crystal of a piezoelectric material and a mass placed on the surface of the crystal. Although the three scholars’ equations are similar, Sauerbrey’s equation has received a universal acceptance (Ho 1999). Sauerbrey’s equation relates to an AT-cut quartz crystal â€Å"vibrating in the thickness shear mode that describes the relationship between mass of thin films deposited on the quartz crystal and the corresponding change in resonant frequency of the crystal† (Hussain et al. 1997: 505).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Piezoelectric Nano-biosensor Importance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The change in frequency for an oscillating quartz crystal in Hz is given by the equation: Source: (Hussain et al. 1997: 505) In the equation, denot es the change in mass that produces a corresponding variation in frequency Advertising Looking for case study on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More . A is the electrode surface area measured in cm2. The described relationship by Sauerbrey is not only applicable to film depositions but equally applicable to deposition of particulate matter (Hussain et al. 1997: 505). In the thickness-shear mode of vibration, the overall frequency of oscillation of AT-cut quartz crystal is described by the equation: F defines the crystal frequency, N is a constant of the material used to make the piezoelectric sensor, and ‘a’ defines the thickness of the material used to make the crystal. For a quartz crystal, which is the most typical material deployed to make piezoelectric transducers, N is given by 1.66 MHz-mm. The thickness of a crystal can be defined by the equation: Where M stands for the electrically driven portion of the mass of the crystal, A the eclectically driven crystal area, and Rho (⠍ ´) defines the crystal’s density. Since the crystal of quartz is in solid state, its density is constant. Consequently, for an infinite change in mass M, the corresponding change in frequency registered by the piezoelectric transducer is given by: Source: (Hussain et al. 1997: 505) However, in the practical application of piezoelectric transducer, F and M are constants so that is given by where K is the constant defined by This equation shows that the change in frequency produced by a piezoelectric biosensors inserted in an analyte is proportionate to the change in mass. This principle can be applied in the construction of piezoelectric biosensor used in treatment of tuberculosis process as described later in the paper. Example of a nano-biosensor, which utilises piezoelectric detection principle A good example of biosensor that utilises piezoelectric principle is the micro membrane biosensors. The sensor makes use of thin films of crystal falling in the range of 10 to 30nm (Woolley, 2000). When placed near cells, they are able to detect the masses of the cells and hence their presence. The detection process is realised via measurements of natural frequencies of the vibrating crystals. The frequency is a function of the mass placed on the piezoelectric sensing element. Applying such sensors in the immunology demands that the masses of cell belonging to infectious organizations are known so that the frequency registered can be used to identify the type of pathogen in the body of a host. In some situations, during infections, the pathogen cell interacts with body defence mechanism cells, which comprise the antibodies through the engulfing process. When such a process occurs, rapid changes in the frequencies of the piezoelectric nano-sensor occur so that, even if the immunologist may not be fully cognizant about the specific type of infection a patient is suffering from, he or she can be able to detect anomalies in the patient’s body. When micro-membrane biosensors are used this way, they form an essential component of pre-diagnosis process. Difference of nano biosensors an d conventional non-nano methods: advantages and disadvantages Interaction of antibodies with antigens provides a wonderful opportunity for development of chemical binding based biosensor. In theoretical terms, in case it is possible to raise an antibody against a specific analyte, it becomes possible to develop an immune-sensor to recognise it, for which piezoelectric sensor is one of the imuno-sensors. It is also important to note, â€Å"Despite high specificity and affinity of antibodies towards complementary ligand molecules, most antibody-antigen interactions do not cause an electronically measurable change† (Kumar 2008: 198). This forms a major challenge of application of nano biosensors in the detection of changes in the analyte masses for possible detection of pathogens, for instance, those causing TB. Nonetheless, this argument does not mean that it is impossible to develop a piezoelectric biosensor such as the one described in the subsequent sections of the paper. Pi ezoelectric biosensors can be produced from a myriad of crystalline substances. Such substances have incredible properties, which facilitates precise detection of analytes for presence of antigen-antibody reactions. Indeed, a piezoelectric â€Å"immune-sensor is thought to be one of the most sensitive analytical instruments developed to date, being capable of detecting antigens in the pictogram range† (Kumar 2000: 198). Opposed to traditional sensors, the piezoelectric biosensors can detect the antigens while in both liquid and gaseous phases. When the developed device is applied in detection of changes in mass of amalgamations formed due to reaction between the antigens and antibodies because of infection of tuberculosis bacterium, principle advantages are gained while the functionality of the device is compared with the traditional approaches in tuberculosis detection procedures and processes. In fact, the traditional approaches to diagnosis of tuberculosis have repetitive drawbacks. Generally, they are time consuming. In some instances, they are non-specific. Kumar (2000) exemplifies this argument by asserting, â€Å"In most cases of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary TB, diagnosis depends upon culturing the micro-bacterial organism, a process requiring 4-8 weeks† (199). Consequently, in the attempt to counter this challenges, magnificent attention has been directed towards development of mechanisms of diagnosis of TB, which are rapid and time cautious by various researchers. Some of the developed strategies fail to have high sensitivity and specificity for the required appropriate diagnosis (Kumar 2000). It is for this reason that the proposed piezoelectric biosensor is both appropriate and significant in driving new approaches for tuberculosis detection or diagnosis. The science and principles of operation of traditional biosensors do not constitute an adequate basis for advocating their utilisation in practice. Issues such as economic factors in relation to their manufacturing coupled with their functionalities are also critical. The main question is, ‘how effective are the traditional biosensors in realisation of the purposes they are designed to accomplish?’ The rapid explosions of technology and science experienced over the last three decades pose challenges to the applicability of the traditional biosensors in the era of scientific and technological evolution. Such challenges manifest themselves in terms of improvement of the accuracy and preciseness of the transducers, multiplexing (the capacity for detection of biomarkers in a simultaneous manner), reduction of costs associated with manufacturing, and operation of the gadgets (Prakash et al 2012: Bhushan 2012). It is through the need to resolve some of these challenges of the traditional biosensors that the nano-biosensors have been developed. A particular concern for embracement of the proposed piezoelectric nano-biosensors in the diagnosis of TB is art iculated to the need to increase the specificity and sensitivity of the traditional biosensors in the quest to facilitate early detection of the associated signals to be measured. A major advantage of using the nano-biosensors in opposition to the traditional biosensors is that, while traditional biosensors utilise â€Å"any specific substance â€Å"as the analyte, the nano-biosensor uses â€Å"any substances with the potential to detect a single molecule or fragment of DNA† (Adam Kizek 2008, p.6129). This argument means that the detection is narrowed to molecular level. Nano-bio-sensing is achieved in the same manner under various approaches. These approaches include the use of antigen-antibody interactions, cell based, and enzymes catalysis and through nucleic acid recognition. Nonetheless, nano-bio-sensing extends this approach to include ELISA and nanonfluidic technology and techniques. Mass-production of the sensor, details of the fabrication method and cost-effective ness Mass production In the mass production of products, reproducibility is an important factor. In mass production of piezoelectric nano-biosensors, reproducibility is a major hindrance. The sensitivity and precision of piezoelectric biosensor are directly proportional to the dimensional accuracy including the shape of the crystal cut. The obstacles coupled with other obstacles such as â€Å"presence of biomaterial in the biosensor (immobilisation of bimolecules on transducers, stability of enzymes and antibodies), the development of the sensor device (sensitivity and reproducibility issues) and the integration of biosensors into complete systems† (Velasco-Garcia Mottram 2003: 5) impair the mass production of the piezoelectric biosensor. However, with new advents of production technologies such as rapid prototyping and computer aided precision machining, it is possible to mass-produce the device’s components. Details of the fabrication In this section, a practical pi ezoelectric biosensor is described. Since a nano-piezoelectric biosensor would require highly precise machining process and intricate fabrication techniques, which are not realisable in the context of this paper, the discussed example of piezoelectric biosensor does not fall in the nano range. The block diagram (Fig 1) below illustrates the schematically the components of the nano-biosensor showing how they are related with one another. Fig 1: Block diagram for the piezoelectric sensor Source: (Pohanka et al. 2007) The piezoelectric sensor is composed of three main components. These are gold electrode, quartz crystal, and the base plate. Quartz crystal used is made of alpha quartz since such a crystal is not soluble in water. It is also resistant to high temperatures (Pohanka et al. 2007). Indeed, alpha quartz crystal has the capacity to withstand temperature up to 579 degree centigrade without losing prosperities of piezoelectric. The resonance frequency of the quartz crystal is a function of the physical dimensions and measurements of the cut crystal. AT-cut crystal is the most preferred for the discussed piezoelectric biosensor since it has been proved through scholarly researches that it is the most stable. Its temperature coefficient is 1ppm per degree centigrade within a temperature range of 10 degrees centigrade to 50 degree centigrade. This property is important since the temperature under which the piezoelectric sensor proposed here will operate (under environmental standard temperature) is in this temperature range. The crystal can also be modified to take a number of forms including rectangles, discs, and squares. The figure below shows schematically the details of the fabrication of the sensor as discussed by Kumar (2000). Source: (Kumar 2000) In the process of imuno-sensing, a protein extracted from Staphylococcus aureus is used to modify the surface of the coating of the device to increase the adhesion properties of the antibodies. The form of Staphylococcus protein used is capable to bind on the molecules of the imunoglobin particularly the IgG antibodies. When immersed in a tube containing antigens, it is anticipated that antigen-antibody reaction will occur thus causing a change in the mass on the crystal. From the developed theory of operation of the device, a corresponding frequency change occurs. The frequency counter will record this change in frequency as a change (ââ€" ³F). Since antibody-antigen reaction is anticipated to occur in magnitudes corresponding to the concentration levels of antigens, the higher the frequency changes, the higher the concentration of antigens. Consequently, it is more likely for the patients from whom the antigens have been obtained to suffer from advanced TB. Cost effectiveness One of the central challenges on the commercial production of nano-sensors is associated with the cost of production of micro components of the sensors with high degrees of precision. Although, over the last t wo decades, these costs have been significantly high, the developments in the nanotechnology has made is possible to produce components for biosensors at significantly low costs (Joshi, Sharma Harsha, 2011). The rapid developments in production process such as rapid prototyping make it possible for the sensor to be produced in a cost effective manner. Conclusion Piezo nano-biosensors encompass the nano-scale sensing devices deployed to detect a myriad of analytes including microorganisms, proteins, nucleic acids, metal, and metabolites among others. In the production of these sensors, nanotechnology is playing pivotal role. In this context, the paper argues that nanotechnology has resulted in the revolution of the immunology technology in the extent that it is now possible to apply biosensors to detect presence of pathogens at the molecular level. This provides a possibility for early treatment. By fully appreciating that there are many detection principles that can be applied in t he development of nano-biosensors, the paper limited itself to the piezoelectric principle of detection. A possible piezoelectric sensor has been discussed in the paper alongside with its fabrications and operation principles. The paper argued that deploying antigens-antibody mechanism of detection of increases in masses resulting from antibody- antigens reactions due to the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. The sensor can aid in the early diagnosis of tuberculosis than it would ordinarily happen by the use of convectional nano-biosensors. Bibliography Adam, V R Kizek, ‘Utilization of Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology’, Sensors, vol. 8, no. 10, 2008, pp.6125–6131. Atta, N, A Galal, S Ali, Nanobiosensors for health care, Biosensors for Health, Environment and Biosecurity, 2011. Web. Bhushan, B, ‘Biosensors: surface structures and materials’, Philosophical transactions, Mathematical, physical, and engineeri ng sciences, vol. 370, no.1967, 2012, pp.2267–2268. Dey, D T Goswami, ‘Optical Biosensors: A Revolution towards Quantum Nanoscale Electronics Device Fabrication’, Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, vol.12, no. 5, 2011, pp 356-361. Hahn, C Piezoelectric Crystal Detectors and Their Applications, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, 1998. Ho, M, Applications of Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal Microbalances, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1999. Hussain, I et al. ‘Fabrication of Piezoelectric Sensors for Biomedical Applications’, MRS Symp. Proc. Materials for Smart System, vol. 459, no.31, 1997, pp. 501-506. Joshi, Y, C Sharma, P Harsha, ‘Zeptrogram scale mass sensing using single walled carbon nanotube based biosensors’, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, vol. 168, no,11, 2011, pp. 275-280. Joshi, R S Bhansali, ‘Nanosensor Technology’, Journal of Nanomaterials, vol. 1, no. 1, 2008, pp. 1-10. Khana, V, Nanosensors: Physical Chemi cal and Biological, Florida: CRC Press. Kumar, K 2000, ‘Biosensors Based on Piezoelectric Crystal Detectors: Theory and Application’, JOM, vol. 52, no.10, 2012, pp. 198-207. Muramatsu, H et al. ‘Piezoelectric Crystal Biosensor Modified with Protein A for Determination of Immunoglobulins’, Analytical Chemistry, vol. 59, no.19, 1987, pp. 2760-2763. Pohanka, M et al. ‘Piezoelectric Biosensor for a Simple Serological Diagnosis of Tularemia in Infected European Brown Hares’, Sensors, vol.7, no.11, 2007, pp. 2825–2834. Prakash, S, M Pinti, B Bhushan, ‘Theory, fabrication and applications of microfluidic and nanofluidic biosensors’, Philosophical transactions, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences, vol. 370, no.196, 2012, pp. 2269–2303. Velasco-Garcia, M T Mottram, ‘Biosensor Technology addressing Agricultural Problems’, Biosystems Engineering, vol. 84, no.1, 2003, pp. 1–12. Woolley, T, L Che ung, H Hafner, M Lieber, ‘Structural biology with carbon nanotube AFM probes’, Chemistry and Biology, vol. 7 no. 3, 2000, pp. 192-204. This case study on Piezoelectric Nano-biosensor Importance was written and submitted by user Allison H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Chances Fat and Slim

Chances Fat and Slim Chances Fat and Slim Chances Fat and Slim By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders about two expressions: For many years I’ve wondered about Fat Chance and Slim Chance – both meaning â€Å"little chance,† but where’d they come from? The Ngram Viewer indicates that â€Å"slim chance† came along about eighty years earlier than â€Å"fat chance† and that â€Å"slim chance† is far more common in print than â€Å"fat chance.† A Google search shows the expressions in about equal use on the Web. One meaning of slim is â€Å"thin† or â€Å"slender,† but its meaning in â€Å"slim chance† is â€Å"meager, scanty, sparse.† I’d guess that the expression â€Å"fat chance† originated as a play on words. Both expressions are popular in titles for books and articles that have something to do with obesity or fitness. Slim Chance, Fat Hope: Societys Obsession With Thinness Slim Chance in a Fat World Fat Chance! The Weight Loss Workbook â€Å"Obese People Have Slim Chance of Obtaining Normal Body Weight† â€Å"Critics say mesotherapy offers slim chance† â€Å"Why dieters have fat chance of losing weight† Although many speakers share the reader’s idea that both expressions mean the same thing, the two have different meanings. If there’s a â€Å"slim chance† that something will happen, then there is a possibility, albeit a small one. That’s the meaning in this headline about the current movement of migrants: How much for a spot on a rubber raft and a slim chance at a better life?† â€Å"Fat chance† is an ironic way of saying there’s no chance at all, as in this exchange between a woman and a former boyfriend: I was just wondering - † â€Å" - if Id  come back to you  now?  Fat chance. Forget it.†    Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†50 Latin Phrases You Should KnowDrama vs. Melodrama

Disaster Recovery & Humanitarian Assistance Essay

Disaster Recovery & Humanitarian Assistance - Essay Example Out of all the classes I took this semester, I really enjoyed taking this one. While I originally thought it would be extremely easy, I soon found it was much more challenging, and that was good because it helps me to challenge myself and learn more. I was able to develop better habits, simply because I knew I wanted to do my best in this class and I was going to do everything I could to do that. That being said, I still think there were some things I could have done better on. There were several assignments I did not put one hundred percent into, and some tests I most certainly could have prepared more for. But that in itself is also a learning experience, and it shows me that if I want to achieve my goals, I need to put everything I have into the classes I am taking. And there were several topics that gave me a tough time. The first one to come to mind is the chapters on direct preparedness for disaster relief. I never know the plans had to be so thought out and complicated, and at first I hade a difficult time grasping those ideas. However, I soon found that by looking at them carefully and really going over them, they soon became almost a second nature for me. Looking forward, I really feel that this class help prepared me for a future in helping people.

Public Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Public Relations - Essay Example The advantage of magazines is that the public can read the information passed at their convenience time. The disadvantage of magazines as a type of media is most people are not in a position to access the magazines because they are expensive to purchase. This is a type of media where the public relations practitioner uses a media where audio is transmitted in audios devices only, for example, radio. The advantage of audio media is that it reaches many people at the same time. The disadvantage being that at the time of broadcasting some of the public may not get the information passed (Graham & Monteith, 2011). These are small materials produced to pass information to the public. They are small informative documents that are mostly folded. An advantage of a brochure to the public relations practitioner is that they deliver more information than other types. The disadvantage of a brochure is that they require written and visual literacy. It is an audio-visual type of media where a public practitioner uses to reach the public and also entertain them too. An advantage being that it helps create awareness generates interest and excitement. A disadvantage being that they are expensive to advertise on (Sandra, 2007). This is a type of media where several web pages are created to form a website. It is only accessible on the internet. An organization creates a website and the public relations practitioner keeps posting information on it for the public to the reader when they access it.

Multitouch Gesture Generation and Recognition Techniques

Multitouch Gesture Generation and Recognition Techniques Abstract: A huge number of users are using smart phones to communicate with each other. A smart phone user is exposed to various threats when they use their phone for communication. These threats can disorganization the operation of the smart phone, and transmit or modify user data rather than original [1]. So applications must guarantee privacy and integrity of the information. Single touch mobile security is unable to give efficient performance for confidential data. Hence we are moving towards multitouch mobile security for high security. In computing, multi-touch is authentication technology that enables a surface to recognize the presence of more than one touch points of contact with the touch screen [2]. By using multiple touch points to authenticate user for access confidential data in mobile phones. we are presenting our study about biometric gestures to authenticate user through multitouch finger points for more security [1]. Keywords: Multitouch, biometric gesture, authentication, security, smart phone Finger-tracking, Android Operating system. Introduction Todays IT admins face the troublesome task of managing the unnumberable amounts of mobile devices that connect with enterprise networks a day for communication through network. Securing mobile devices has become increasingly important now days as the numbers of the devices in operation and the uses to which they are put have expanded in world wide. The problem is compounded within the enterprise as the ongoing trend toward IT users or organizations is resulting in more and many more employee-owned devices connecting to the corporate internet. Authentication is a nothing but process in which the credentials provided are compared to those on file in a database of valid users information on a operating system. If the credentials match, the process is completed and the user is granted authorization for access to the system. The permissions and folders came back outline each the surroundings the user sees and also the method he will move with it, as well as the amount of access and differ ent rights comparable to the number of allotted cupboard space and different services [1]. The generally a computer authentication process is to use alphanumerical usernames or text based and passwords. This method has been shown to have some  disadvantages. For example, users tend to pick passwords that can be easily guessed and recognized by other hard to remember. To device this problem, some researchers have  developed authentication techniques that use multitouch biometric gesture as passwords for authentication. Multi-touch, in a computing environment, is an interface technology that enables input gestures on multiple points on the surface of a device. Although most generally used with touch screen devices on handheld devices, such as smart phones and tablets, and other multi-touch has been used for other surfaces as well, including touch pads and whiteboards, tables and walls [2]. In other words, multi-touch refers to the capability of a touch screen (or a touchpad) to recognize two or more points of contact on the surface simultaneously. The constant following of the multiple points permits the portable interface to acknowledge gestures, that modify advanced practicality similar to pinch-to-zoom, pinch. wherever gesture recognition is much of deciphering human gestures via mathematical algorithms. Gestures will originate from any bodily motion however normally originate from the face or hand and alternative human biometric gestures but the identification and recognition of posture, and human behaviours is additionally the topic of gesture recognition techniques. We used Equal Error Rate (EER) to measure accuracy. This is the rate at which False Acceptance Rate (FAR) and False Rejection Rate (FRR). To find out whether using multiple gestures would improve the systems performance, we combined scores of 2 different gestures from the same user in the same order and evaluated the EER of the combined gestures as: FAR= FRR= Developing a Gesture Authentication Technique Biometric systems are an effective way to authenticate valid users generally based on the something they are property [2] in mobile authentication. The goal of biometric identification is that the automatic verification of identity of a living person by proving over some distinctive gestures that solely he possesses in authentication method. Figure1: Multitouch behavior The biometric authentication system has two phases: enrollment phase and authentication phase. If new user must first record his secret hand signs at the first enrollment phase to the system. The process is performing the hand signs at the users discreet choice with sufficient space for hand movement during registration phase. Gesture Taxonomy [1] 1. Parallel: All fingertips are moving in the same direction during the gesture. For example, a bush swipe, during which all 5 fingers move from left to right the screen. 2. Closed: If all fingertips are moving inward toward the center of the hand. For example, a pinch gesture. 3. Opened: All fingertips are moving outward from the center of the hand. For example, a reverse pinch gesture. 4. Circular: All fingertips are rotating around the center of  the hand. For example, a clockwise or counterclockwise  rotation [1]. Figure1: Single touch Matching Touch Sequences to Specific Fingers: Hidden Markov Models [3] Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) are statistical models and simplest versions of dynamic Bayesian Networks, where the system being modelled is a Markov process with an unobserved state. It is a collection of finite states connected by transitions, much like Bayesian Networks. Each state has two probabilities: a transition probability, and an output probability distribution. Parameters of the model are determined by training data [4][5]. Figure2: Hidden Markov Models hidden states, as well as N dimensional observable symbols. Figure3: Multitouch Movement The conventional HMM is expressed as the following [4]. HMM is the mathematical tool to model signals, objects à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ that have the temporal structure and follow the Markov process. HMM can be described compactly as ÃŽÂ » = (A, B, à Ã¢â€š ¬) (Figure 4b) where, Figure 4: Conventional Hidden Markov Model A = {aij}: the state transition matrix aij=P[qt+1=sj|qt=si], 1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ià ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤Naij=P[qt+1=sj|qt=si], 1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ià ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤N B = {bj (k)}: the observation symbol probability distribution bj(k)=P[Ot=vk|qt=sj], 1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤jà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤N, 1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤Mbj(k)=P[Ot=vk|qt=sj], 1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤jà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤N,1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤M à Ã¢â€š ¬ = {à Ã¢â€š ¬i}: the initial state distribution à Ã¢â€š ¬i=P[q1=si]à Ã¢â€š ¬i=P[q1=si] Set of states: S = {s1s2, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, sN} State at time t: qt Set of symbols: V = {v1, v2, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, vM} Given the observation sequence OT1=O1O2OTO1T=O1O2OT and a model ÃŽÂ » = (A,B,à Ã¢â€š ¬), how do we efficiently compute P(O | ÃŽÂ »), i.e., the probability of the observation sequence given the model. Now let us consider following two states: Training: based on the input data sequences {O}, we calculate and adjust ÃŽÂ »=ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ'„ ÃŽÂ »=ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ'„ to maximize likelihood P(O | ÃŽÂ ») Recognizing: based on ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ'„ =(AÃÅ'„ ,BÃÅ'„ ,à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ'„ )ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ'„=(AÃÅ'„,BÃÅ'„,à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ'„) for each class, we can then assign the class in which the likelihood P(O | ÃŽÂ ») is maximized. The observation symbol probability distribution P[Ot = vk | qt = sj] can be discrete symbols or continuous variables. If the observations are different symbols. B(i,k)=P(Ot=k|qt=si) B(i,k)=P(Ot=k|qt=si) If the observations are vectors in RL, it is common to represent P[Ot | qt] as a Gaussian: P[Ot=y|qt=si]=N(y;ÃŽÂ ¼i,ÃŽÂ £i) P[Ot=y|qt=si]=ÃŽÂ (y;ÃŽÂ ¼i,ÃŽÂ £i) N(y;ÃŽÂ ¼,ÃŽÂ £)=1(2à Ã¢â€š ¬)L/2|ÃŽÂ £|1/2exp[à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢12(yà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼)TÃŽÂ £Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1(yà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼)] ÃŽÂ (y;ÃŽÂ ¼,ÃŽÂ £)=1(2à Ã¢â€š ¬)L/2|ÃŽÂ £|1/2exp[à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢12(yà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼)TÃŽÂ £Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1(yà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼)] A more flexible representation is a mixture of M Gaussians: P[Ot=y|qt=si]=à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœm=1MP(Mt=m|qt=si)ÃÆ'-ÃÆ'-N(y;ÃŽÂ ¼m,i,ÃŽÂ £m,i) P[Ot=y|qt=si]=à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœm=1MP(Mt=m|qt=si)ÃÆ'-ÃÆ'-ÃŽÂ (y;ÃŽÂ ¼m,i,ÃŽÂ £m,i) where Mt is a hidden variable that specifies which mixture component to use and P(Mt=m|qt=si) =C(i,m) is the conditional prior weight of each mixture component. In our approach, we both implement continuous and discrete output variable distribution for 1st and 2nd HMM stages respectively [3][6]. Dynamic Time Warping Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), introduced by Sakoe and Chiba in 1978, is an algorithm that compares two different sequences that may possibly vary in time. For example, if two video clips of different people walking a particular path were compared, the DTW algorithm would detect the similarities in the walking pattern, despite walking speed differences, accelerations or decelerations. [3][7] Figure 4: Dynamic time warping The algorithm begins with a set of template streams, describing each gesture available in the system database. This results in high computation time, and hence, limitations in recognition speed. Additionally, the storing of many templates for each gesture results in costly space usage on a resource-constrained device. Consider a training set of N sequences fS1; S2; : : : ; SNg, where each Sg represents sample of the same gesture class. Then, each sequence Sg composed by a set of feature vectors at each time t, Sg = fsg1; : : : ; sgLgg for a certain gesture category, where Lg is the length in frames of sequence Sg. Let us assume that sequences are ordered according to their length, so that Lgt1 _ Lg _ Lg+1; 8g 2 [2; ::;N ], the median length sequence is _ S = SdN2 e. This sequence _ S is used as a reference and the rest of sequences are aligned with it using the classical Dynamic Time Warping with Euclidean distance [4], in order to avoid the temporal deformations of various samples from an equivalent gesture class. Therefore, once the alignment method, all sequences have lengthLdN2 e. We define the set of warped sequences as ~ S = f ~ S1; ~ S2; : : : ; ~ SNg. Consider a training set of N sequences fS1; S2; : : : ; SNg, where each Sg represents a sample of the same gesture class. Then, each sequence Sg composed by a set of feature vectors at each time t, Sg = fsg1; : : : ; sgLgg for a certain gesture category, where Lg is the length in frames of sequence Sg. Let us consider that sequences are ordered according to their length, so that Lgt1 _ Lg _ Lg+1; 8g 2 [2; ::;N1], the median length sequence is _ S =SdN2 e[4]. This sequence _ S is used as a reference, and the remaining of sequences are assigned with it using the classical Dynamic Time Warping with Euclidean distance [3], in order to remove the temporal deformations of different samples from the same gesture category. Hence, after the alignment process, all sequences have lengthLdN2 e. We define the set of warped sequences as ~ S = f ~ S1; ~ S2; : : : ; ~ SNg [3]. Input: A gesture C={c1,..cn} with corresponding GMM model ÃŽÂ »={ÃŽÂ »1,..ÃŽÂ »m}, its similarly threshold value  µ, and the testing seprate Q={q1,..qn}, Cost Matrix M is defined,where N(x), x =(i,t) is the set of three upper-left location of x in M. Output:Working path of the dected gesture, if any. //Initialization for i=1:m do for j=1:à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ do M(i,j)=v end end for j=1:v do M(0,j)=0 end for t=0:v do for i=1:m do x=(i,j) M(x)=D(qi,ÃŽÂ »i)+minà ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ ªÃƒ ªÃ… ¾Ã…’à Ã‚ µ N(à ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ ª)M(à ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ ªÃƒ ªÃ… ¾Ã…’) End end if m(m,t) W={argminà ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ ªÃƒ ªÃ… ¾Ã…’ à Ã‚ µ N(à ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ ª)M(à ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ ªÃƒ ªÃ… ¾Ã…’)} Return End end [4] Artificial Neural Networks Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are networks of weighted, directed graphs where the nodes are artificial neurons, and the directed edges are connections between them. The most common ANN structure is the feed forward Multi-Layer Perceptron. Feed forward means that the signals only travels one way through the net [4][8]. For input pattern p, the i-th input layer node holds xp,i. Net input to j-th node in hidden layer: Now Output of j-th node in hidden layer: Then Net input to k-th node in output layer: Finally Output of k-th node in output layer: Network error for p: Neurons are arranged in layer wise, with the outputs of each neuron in the same layer being connected to the inputs of the neurons in that layer . Finally, the output layer neurons are assigned a value. Each output layer neuron show the particular class of gesture, and the record is assigned to however classs neuron has the highest value During training, the gesture class for each neuron in the output layer is known, and the nodes can be assigned the correct value. Critical Analysis A critical analysis based on the results achieved by is shown in this section. ANNs, HMMs, and DTW algorithms were implemented on a mobile phone, and measured in performance according to recognition speed, accuracy and time needed to train [3]. Since Bayesian Networks are a super class of HMMs which have been tweaked towards gesture classification, they are not considered. Thus according to recognition, accuracy and training time we can say that DTW gives better performance as compare to HMM and ANN. These results are summarized below: Table 1: Comparison between different algorithms [3] No. Algorithm Recognition Speed Accuracy Training Time 1 HMMs 10.5ms 95.25% Long 2 ANNs 23ms 90% Medium 3 DTW 8ms 95.25% No Training Finger Tracking: Firstly we need adjust finger tracking parameters, thats why we need to activate the calibration in the tab in on-screen display [5][9]. a. Projection Signatures: Projection signatures are performed directly on the resulting threshold binary image of the hand [5]. The core process of this algorithm is consists of adding the binary pixels row by row along a diagonal (the vertical in this case). Previous knowledge of the hand angle is therefore required. A low-pass filter is applied on the signature (row sums) in order to reduce low frequency variations that create many local maxima and cause the problem of multiple positives (more than one detection per fingertip). The five maxima thereby obtained correspond to the position of the five fingers. b. Geometric Properties: The second algorithm is based on the geometric properties and, as shown on line 3 of figure 5, uses a contour image of the hand on which a reference point is set. This point can be determined either by finding the centre of mass of the contour (barycenter or centroid) or by fixing a point on the wrist [6]. Figure 5: Hand Movement Euclidean distances from that point to every contour point are then computed, with the five resulting maxima assumed to correspond to the finger ends [5]. The minima can be used to determine the intersections between fingers (finger valleys). The geometric algorithm also required filtering in order to reduce the problem of multiple positives. c. Circular Hough Transform: The circular Hough transform is applied on the contour image of the hand but could as well be performed on an edge image with complex background if no elements of the image exhibit the circular shape of the fingertip radius. This can be done efficiently for finger ends by eliminating points that are found outside the contour image. The inconvenient is that the set of discard points contains a mix of finger valleys and false positive that cannot be sorted easily [5]. d. Color Markers: While the three previous algorithms rely only on the hand characteristics to find and track the fingers, the marker algorithm tracks color markers attached to the main joints of the fingers. Each color is tracked individually using colour segmentation and filtering [5]. This permits the identification of the different hand segments. The marker colors should therefore be easy to track and should not affect the threshold, edge or contour image of the hand. Respecting these constraints makes it possible to apply all algorithms to the same video images and therefore to compare each algorithm degree of accuracy and precision with respect to the markers [5]. Comparisons: Properties Projection Signature Geometric Properties Circular Hough Transform Color Makers Locates fingers Good Good Good Good Locates fingertips Poor Normal Normal Good Locates finger ends and valleys Poor Good Good Good Work with complex background Poor Good Normal Good Precision Good Good Good Good Accuracy Poor Good Good Good Table 2: Comparison between different techniques [5] All the presented algorithms have succeeded, in various degrees, in detecting each finger. The projection signatures algorithm can only roughly identify a finger, but the circular Hough transform and geometric properties algorithms can find both finger intersections and finger end points, it is important to note that in the case where finger are folded, the end points dont correspond to the fingertips [5]. Conclusion: We have plot three prominent strategies that comprehensively characterize the signal acknowledgment that should be possible on advanced mobile phones Artificial Neural Networks, Dynamic Time Warping and Hidden Markov Models were optimized, and tested on resource constrained devices (in this instance, cellular phones), and compared against each other in terms of accuracy, and computational performance. ANNs proved to have the slowest computation performance due to the large size of the neural network. HMMs performed better, but the DTW algorithm proved to be the fastest, with comparable recognition accuracy. DTWs also did not require training, as is the case with HMMs and ANNs. References [1] Kalyani Devidas: Deshmane Android Software based Multi-touch Gestures Recognition for Secure Biometric Modality [2] Memon, K. Isbister, N. Sae-Bae, N. and K. Ahmed, Multitouch gesture based authentication, IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 568-582, Apr. 2014 [3] Methods for Multi-touch Gesture Recognition:Daniel Wood [4] http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.5772/50204 [5] Finger Tracking Methods Using EyesWeb Anne-Marie Burns1 and Barbara Mazzarino2 [6]https://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~jcorso/t/CSE555/files/lecture_hmm.pdf [7]DWT: Probability-based Dynamic Time Warping and Bag-of-Visual -and-Depth-Words for Human Gesture Recognition [8]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network [9]http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/gesture-recognition Prof. Ramdas Pandurang Bagawade, Miss Pournima Akash Chavan, BE Computer Pursuing degree in PESs College of Engineering Phaltan. Miss Kajal Kantilal Jadhav, BE Computer Pursuing degree in PESs College of Engineering Phaltan

Graduation Speech :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Betty Lou is right -- Our achievements of the past four years have been an honor. And so I offer my congratulations to each of you for achieving the honor that comes with high school graduation. Up to this point, high school may be the most exciting and difficult experience of our lives. We've enjoyed the carefree and happy times with WWF-style pep assemblies, dances, Junior T-P nights, and classes with friends. We've had our bad days too, though. The days when we forgot our semester project for C.I. at home, or when we couldn't stop falling asleep and Mr. Gnome made us get up to "open a window." But far worse were the times when we felt alone. We've all had days of personal crisis when we've felt rejected by those around us or alienated from them. Hopefully, we were fortunate enough to have had a friend come rescue us from isolation, but perhaps not. As senior year comes to an end and we walk away from high school into a much bigger and more complicated world, we should not leave our years at Tree without reflecting on time spent here together and remembering what we have observed across the country, especially in the last year. There is certainly no simple answer to the tragic events that have occurred at other high schools recently. We look at the tragedies of Jonesboro, Pearl, Fayetteville, Springfield, Edinboro, West Paducah, Moses Lake, Jacksonville, and Littleton and question the reason behind the violence that occurred. While finding an answer may be impossible, it is still wise for us to look for causes and most appropriate, to search for solutions. Many of the contributing factors are likely beyond our control and there is no way for us to prevent them. There are, however, plenty of little things that we do or can do that affect others more than we realize. For example, all of us should be quick to distinguish between what is friendly teasing and what teasing torments our peers. It may have lost some significance, having been repeated so often on the news and in health classes, but it is important to treat others with respect. We never know when we may cross the line and, though not meaning to, be a source of torment to someone else. We all need to become more sensitive to what crosses the line when interacting with others. It is for our benefit, as well as others, that we do this.

Current Issues in Law and HR Course Work Essay

Organizations are considered to be the most incentive, social arrangement of today. It’s considered a marvel to know that thousands of people with individual backgrounds, skills and interests are coordinated into various organizations, so that they can pursue their common institutionalized goals and objectives. The historians of the future see today’s organizations as the greatest achievement of our time and era. For example biogenetic engineering have had some breakthroughs. The Apollo mission to the moon was made possible by the organization called NASA. Even on day to day basis organizations play an important role in our lives. The water we drink to the food we eat or the clothes we wear all comes from different kinds of organizations Human resource is defined by many companies as a combination of the administrative functions with the performance of the company’s employees and their relations along with the company’s planning. Human resource basically develops mostly from industrial and organizational behaviour. The major function that are included in HRM are recruitment, selection, training and development, orientation, placement, separation, career planning, performance appraisal, salaries and wages, incentives and gain-sharing, benefits, services and security and employee relations and assessment. The term human resource basically refers to the people of the company. The manager of the company engages in HR because the HR activities and tasks are considered to be an important part of the company. It basically helps the company to achieve the goals and the objectives that are set for them by the management. As you all know that human resource activities also make a large contribution to the company’s success in many ways but the HR activities mostly support the strategies of the organization. The HR department basically exists to support the managers and the employees of the company and to pursue the company’s goal or objectives (Werther & Davis 1996). The major challenges that would be faced by the organization are as follows: – †¢ Population-growth challenges †¢ Global Competitive Challenges †¢ Unemployment Challenges †¢ Social Responsibility Challenges †¢ Medical, Food, Housing Challenges †¢ Unknown Challenges †¢ Ethical Challenges †¢ Workforce Diversity Challenges The objectives of the HR department are based on societal, organizational, functional and personal goals. It is known that the objectives of the company are not formally stated that is they are not in the written form. The objective of the human resource management not only reflects the intention of the middle and top management but also balances the challenges that are faced by the HR department. Objectives are basically considered as benchmarks against which the actions can be evaluated. The human resource objectives not only reflect the intention of the management but also balance the organizational challenges, the HR function and the people who are affected by it. If the company fails to succeed in its objectives it would harm the company’s profits, performance and even the survival of the firm. As we know that there are four objectives that are common to the HR management. The objectives are as follows: 1. Organizational Objective: which basically recognizes that the HR management exists and it contributes to the organizational effectiveness. The HR department basically exists so that it can help managers of the company to achieve the objectives and goals of the company. HR management only supports the managers with the human resource issues. If we put is simply the HR department only exist solely to help assist the rest of the company. 2. Functional Objective: which basically states that this objective solely exists to maintain the department’s input at a level that is considered relevant to company’s needs. A relation exists between the objectives and the HR activities and they are appraisal of the employee, placement and assessment of the employee. 3. Societal Objective: this objective shows that the company has to be ethically and socially responsive to the needs and challenges of the society while the company minimizes the negative impacts of such demands on the organization 4. Personal Objective: shows that the HR management helps assisting the employees in achieving their goals and objectives. And these goals enhance the individual’s contribution towards the organization. To achieve these goals the HR department help the managers of the company to obtain, maintain, utilize and retain the right amount and types of workers. The objectives of the employees must be met otherwise the employees would not be motivated, retained and maintained by the HR department of the company. And the employees would neglect their jobs, voice their complaints or maybe leave the organization for a better opportunity (Werther & Davis 1996). It is not necessary that all the organization can meet the HR objectives every time. Some sort of trade-offs do occur that stops the company in achieving the stated goals and objectives. When the objectives are net by the department, they make a huge contribution towards the organization’s and employees needs. And with the help of these objectives the managers are able to see the kinds of activities that are needed to be carried out and why. There is a relationship that exists between the objectives and the activities of the HR. For example, for the societal objective the supporting activities would be legal compliance, union and management relations and benefits of the employees. For the organizational objective the supporting activities would be HR planning, employee relations, selection, training and development, appraisal, placement and assessment. For functional objective the supporting activities would be performance appraisal, placement, assessment and development of the employees. And for personal objective the supporting activities would be training and development, performance appraisal, placement, assessment and compensation of the employees. The HR activities are considered as actions that are taken by the department to maintain a workforce balance that is considered as appropriate to the organization’s needs. For example, small companies who do have the HR department have small budgets and small staffs therefore the HR department of such companies only focus on the activities that they consider are important for the company. The functions or activities that are considered important for such companies would be planning, recruitment, and wages and salaries of the employees. The functions that are performed by the HR department of the organization are as follows: – Planning is the first activity that is conducted by the department. Planning can be defined as the systematic forecast that determines the company’s future and the demand and supply of the employees that would be needed by the organization. HR planning is also known as employees planning which helps the HR department and other managers of the company to develop staffing plans so that they would go along with the strategy of the company. it is important that the company is staffed with the right amount of people so that the strategic operational and functional goals of the company can be met. It has been realized by a lot companies that the HR plans are very important if the organization wants to have strategic success. For example, companies like Nokia and Apple it is important to have strategic plans because it would help the companies by developing new products and introducing them as quickly as possible in the market. It is only possible when the company is staffed with the right kind of people. Without the right people strategy based opportunities would be lost to a better staffed organization like Motorola and IBM (Werther & Davis 1996). Recruitment is one of the important activities of the HR department. Recruitment is mostly concerned with attracting and finding individuals who are capable for employment. The recruitment process begins s when the new recruits are sought and this process ends when the applicant submits and application. People who find new recruits are called recruiters. The process of hiring is faced with some limitations like costs, incentives, job requirements, policies of the company, environment conditions, insufficient and scarce resources and EEO legislation etc. Recruitment is done in two ways 1) internal channel which includes job posting program and departing employees 2) External channel which includes advertising, walk-in and write-ins, employee referrals, state employment agencies, open house, international recruiting, temporary help agencies and leased employees etc (Recruitment Process) Selection is one of the activities of the HR department. Selection is defined as a process that is based on specific steps that are used to describe that which individual should be hired. This process starts when the individual applies for the job and it ends when the final decision is made by the management of the company. the selection process is also faced with some limitations like EEO legislation, Workforce diversity and external prohibitions etc. ( The Selection Process). The selection process is based on eight steps and these steps are as follows:- †¢ Preliminary reception of applications †¢ Employment tests †¢ Selection interview †¢ Preference and background checks †¢ Medical tests †¢ Supervisory interview †¢ Realistic job preview †¢ Hiring decision Orientation, Placement and Separation is considered to be an activity of HRM. Orientation can be defined as when the new recruits are given an overview of the company on the first day of work. The orientation program of the company is based on the following goals 1) the pride of belonging to the company 2) creates awareness about the company’s business 3) emphasize on customer focus and service 4) helps to reduce the concerns that are related to the job 5) helps with development of a team member and 6) helps to establish personal growth etc. Placement can be defined as the work activities that are assigned to a new employee. The role of HR department here is that to advice the managers of the company about the rules and the regulations and it also provide counseling to the employees. Placement is based on 3 classes 1) promotion, transfer and demotion. Separation can be defined as a decision where the individual and the company must part. Separation process starts either the employer or the employee. The role of HR department is to find a method which is satisfactory for conducting a separation in such a way that it reduces the harmful factors that might affect the company. Training & Development is concerned with that placing the employees in a job does not give the company the surety that the individual would be successful in his or her job. Training and development programs are considered important for all the employees. The distinction between training and development is that training is for now and development is for the future. For example at Corning Glass there are a lot of learning opportunities that range from skilled orientation training to seminars that deal with development issues, they basically help the managers to face the issues that might arise in the future. The employees of the company are not bothered that the class is intended for training or development. It is only concerned with whether the program has helped the employees and the organization or not (Training and Development). Training and development are based on the following steps: – †¢ Need assessment †¢ Learning principles †¢ Program content †¢ Training and development objectives There are some challenges that are faced by HR department due to training and development. For example cost effectiveness, desired program content, learning principles and appropriateness of the facilities etc. The role of HR department over here is that it helps to prepare the individuals for future job responsibilities. And it also attempts stops the employees from obsolesce, work force diversity, technological changes, affirmation action and employee turnover etc. (Werther & Davis 1996) Career planning is one of the activities of the HRM. When the department is doing career planning it is mostly concerned with whether the company’s training and development programs has helped the employees with promotion chances or not. A couple of decades ago career planning was seen as an individual’s problem but now career planning is seen as the HR department’s problem. The HR managers and specialist see career planning as a way to meet the internal staffing needs. The involvement of the HR department in career planning is increasing everyday due to its benefits like low turnover, satisfies the needs of the employees, personal growth, helps with workforce diversity and decrease hoarding etc. Performance appraisal is one of the major activities of HRM. Performance appraisal can be defined as evaluating an employee’s current or past performances relative to his or her performance standard. In this competitive world companies require a high performance so that they can become dominant leaders in their perspective markets. And at the same time employees also need feedback on their performance so that it can act as a guide for their future behavior and responsibilities. There are some challenges that are faced by the HR department regarding the performance appraisal like legal constraints, rater’s biases regarding the employee based on halo effect or personal prejudice or even cross cultural biases etc. It has been vied been viewed by the experts that when there is poor performance throughout the company it creates huge problems with the human resource management activities(Grote &Grote 1996). Wages and Salaries are concerned with compensation. Compensation can be defined as something the employees receive in their return of their input to the organization. Without proper compensation the employees of the company would leave and it would be difficult for the company to hire new recruits. The result of pay dissatisfaction can harm the productivity of the company and can also harm the quality of work life as well. There are some challenges that affect the compensation plan like wage rates, union, constraints by the government and equal pay etc. ( Salary and Wages) Security, Safety and Health is considered a challenge for the HR experts that how to comply proactively with the minimum costs for the organization and to provide with the minimum of costs for the organization and to provide the greatest of benefits to its employees, whereas in the area of employee security and health companies have taken a proactive action. It is the role of the HR department to face the challenges that arise overtime. The HR is usually faced with 2 kinds of challenges: 1) Internal challenges which are also the organizational challenges. Internal challenges for example would include union, information systems, organizational conflicts between the company and the employees. 2) External challenges are those problems that exist due to the changing environment and the management has no control over it. Change in the company’s environment actually evolves at different kinds of rates. External challenges would include workforce diversity, technology, economics and government. The HR department has to follow 4 steps so that they can overcome the external challenges. They are as follows: – †¢ Monitor the environment †¢ Evaluate the impact of the challenges on the company †¢ Take proactive measures that is implement approaches that would help the company to achieve its goals †¢ Obtain and analyze the feedback. It is the role of the HR department to achieve a balance between the trade-offs of efficiency and effectiveness. For example when jobs are under specialized the job design may be simplified by decreasing the number of tasks and if the job is over specialized the number of job tasks can be enriched and expanded by the human resource department.

Security Issues Of Hadoop Services - 3238 Words

SECURITY ISSUES IN HADOOP SERVICES 10 Security Issues in Hadoop Services Jogendra Chowdari Achanta Adv Web App Using Web Services - CS 525 Professor Kihyun Kim 04/10/2016 Running head: SECURITY ISSUES IN HADOOP SERVICES 1 Abstract Big Data is creating great opportunities for businesses, companies and many large scale and small scale industries. Hadoop is an open-source cloud computing and big data framework, is increasingly used in the IT world. The rapid growth of Hadoop and Cloud Computing clearly indicates its importance as a Big Data enabling technology. Due to the loopholes of security mechanism, the security issues introduced through adaptation of this technology are also increasing. Hadoop services do not authenticate†¦show more content†¦With the use of more sophisticated pattern analysis and with the use of multiple data sources it is easy to detect the threats in early stages of the project itself. Many organizations are fighting with the remaining issues like private issues with the usage of big data. Data privacy is a liability; thus companies must be on privacy defensive. When compared to security, Privacy should consider as a profit making asset because it results in the selling o f unique product to customers which results in making money. We need to maintain balance between data privacy and national security. Visualization, controlling and inspection of the network links and ports are required to ensure security. Thus, there is a need to put the ones in insight the loop holes, conflicts, and the contents ready for attacks with respect to cloud computing, and we need to develop a platform and infrastructure which are less protected in attacks. Literature Work Hadoop is one of the open source frameworks, is used as extension to big data analytics framework which are used by a large group of vendors. 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